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696 

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[8061  '12  WP1W 


U.  S.  NAVY  EDUCATION 

STUDY  COURSES 

MANUAL  OF  STANDARD  PRACTICE 


ANNOUNCEMENT  OF  COURSES 


KEVISED  MARCH,  1*22 


NAVY  DEPARTMENT 

BUREAU    OF    NAVIGATION 


U.  S.  NAVY  EDUCATION 

STUDY  COURSES 


MANUAL    OF  STANDARD   PRACTICE 
AND  ANNOUNCEMENT  OF  COURSES 

PREPARED  FOR 

THE  VOLUNTARY  INSTRUCTION 
OF  THE  ENLISTED  PERSONNEL 


THE  EDUCATIONAL  WORK  OUTLINED  IN  THIS 

PAMPHLET  SUPPLEMENTS  THAT  NOW 

BEING  GIVEN  IN  THE  NAVY 


NAVY  DEPARTMENT 

BUREAU  OF  NAVIGATION 

MARCH,  1922 


WASHINGTON 

GOVERNMENT  PRINTING  OFFICE 
1922 


£ 
£ 


"It  is  just  as  much  the  duty  of  officers  to  educate  men  for 
our  trades  as  it  is  to  train  and  drill  them  at  stations.  Unless 
we  both  educate  and  train  green  men  in  our  trades,  we  cannot 
keep  our  mechanisms  in  condition  for  battle  or  ready  for  war. 
No  amount  of  training  at  battle  stations  will  keep  our  ships 
efficient  unless  our  men  are  also  educated  to  handle,  care  for,  and 
maintain  our  equipment." 

Letter  of  Instructions  No.  2-21, Force, 

Fleet,  28  June,  1921. 

(2) 


FOREWORD. 


The  mastery  of  modern  naval  practices,  by  reason  of  the 
complex  and  intricate  mechanism  involved,  requires  thorough 
skill. 

The  vital  importance  of  personnel  in  the  Navy  to-day  focuses 
the  attention  on  the  individual.  We  must  draw  from  each  indi- 
vidual man  the  best  he  has  to  give.  The  first  step  toward  this 
is  to  offer  him  every  opportunity  to  learn  how  to  do  his  work 
each  day  efficiently. 

The  Navy  Education  Study  Courses  have  been  designed  for 
this  definite  purpose.  They  give  the  men  opportunity  to  com- 
bine the  study  of  theory  with  the  actual  practice  in  their  daily 
naval  duties;  to  study  a  principle  and  then  see  its  working  out 
on  the  ship  itself.  Experience  has  shown  that  certain  vessels 
which  have  encouraged  the  use  of  "rating  courses"  have  increased 
the  efficiency  of  their  personnel  and  decreased  their  operating 
costs. 

An  examination  of  the  courses  herein  outlined  will  prove  that 
they  are  not  offered  with  any  idea  of  diverting  the  ship  from  its 
ambition  to  become  a  fighting  unit.  On  the  contrary,  each  sub- 
ject is  so  related  to  some  naval  duty  that  it  directly  bears  on  the 
military  efficiency  of  the  command. 

EDWIN  DENBY. 

(3) 


494502 


THE  PURPOSE  OF  NAVY  EDUCATION  STUDY  COURSES. 


No  command  can  reach  its  highest  efficiency  unless  the  personnel 
is  adequately  trained  in  technical  duties. 

Experience  alone  is  a  slow  teacher.  To  learn  to  do  solely  by 
doing  and  find  the  best  waj~  through  the  trial  and  error  method 
is  a  wasteful  procedure.  A  simple  form  of  technical  instruction 
plus  experience  produces  a  more  rapid  and  satisfactory  method 
of  training.  With  a  few  months'  study  of  the  Navy  Education 
Courses  advantage  may  be  had  of  the  lifetime  experience  of  other 
men  in  the  various  technical  lines. 

The  primary  object  of  these  courses  is  to  aid  commanding 
officers  in  obtaining  a  higher  degree  of  efficiency  from  their  per- 
sonnel, and  thereby  produce  a  more  effective  Navy.  The  second- 
ary object  is  to  enable  enlisted  personnel  to  become  more  proficient 
in  their  present  ratings,  to  attain  advancement  in  ratings,  and  at 
the  same  time  to  become  better  equipped  individuals. 

Courses  built  on  the  correspondence-school  plan  have  been 
used  in  order  to  present  the  subject  matter  of  each  course  in  the 
simplest  and  most  practical  way.  These  are  mastered  by  the 
man  through  self-instruction  plus  the  personal  help  and  guidance 
of  the  officers.  The  only  assistance  which  the  student  requires  is 
in  the  selection  of  his  course,  the  correction  of  his  assignments, 
occasional  explanation  of  problems,  encouragement,  etc.,  by 
either  officers  or  capable  petty  officers. 

References  to  certain  books  for  study  and  supplementary 
reading  are  inserted  in  many  of  the  courses.  The  object  of 
these  references  is  to  encourage  the  individual  to  perfect  himself 
in  the  field  covered  by  the  course.  These  books  should  be  kept 
in  the  crew's  library. 

Unofficial  reports  from  commanding  officers  indicate  that  until 
men  show  an  earnest  desire  to  study  they  should  not  be  urged  to 
take  up  courses,  but  that  the  amount  of  interest  taken  in  this 
work  by  the  men  will  be  only  proportional  to  the  interest  shown 
and  the  assistance  rendered  by  the  officers. 

The  Bureau  of  Navigation  has  consulted  with  the  various  other 
bureaus  in  the  selection,  revision,  and  adaptation  of  courses  and 
texts,  in  order  to  establish  a  close  and  practical  relationship 
between  courses  and  ratings. 

(5) 


Educational  courses  best  adapted  for  Navy  use  have  been 
selected  from  the  leading  correspondence  schools  and  universities 
of  the  country.  Although  such  material  has  proved  fully  satis- 
factory, the  bureau  is  issuing  certain  specially  constructed  courses 
by  naval  officers  of  the  bureaus  concerned.  Courses  have  already 
been  produced  on  " Boiler  Operation/'  "Deck  Artificer  Ratings/' 
"Pumps,"  "Marine  Steam  Turbines/'  "Chemistry,"  "Pharmacy," 
and  "Elementary  English." 

If  these  courses  are  issued  to  capable  and  ambitious  men,  their 
value  will  be  apparent.  They  will  not,  however,  make  any  marked 
contribution  to  the  general  efficiency  of  the  ship  unless  they  re- 
ceive the  full  support  of  the  ship's  officers. 


EXPLANATION  OF  THE   PLAN. 


The  Navy  Education  System  has  the  following  basic  features: 

1.  The  Educational  service  shall  be  offered  to  all  enlisted  men 
of  the  Navy. 

2.  The  Educational  system  may  be  installed  in  any  ship  or 
station  upon  the  official  request  of  the  commanding:  officer. 

3.  Enrollment  for  courses  shall  be  optional  on  the  part  of  all 
men. 

4.  The  work  shall  be  done  on  the  individual's  free  time  and 
shall  not  interfere  with  the  ship's  regular  routine. 

5.  Courses  and  textbooks  shall  be  furnished  free  of  charge  to 
all  enlisted  men. 

6.  Study  shall  be  done  by  the  self-instruction   method 
instead  of  the  class-room  method.     If  desired,  however,  courses 
may  be  used  as  manuals  of  instruction  for  the  ship's  regu- 
lar instructional  periods. 

7.  Courses  of  study  are  built  on  the  correspondence  course 
plan,  this  being  the  most  practical  form  for  self-instruction.     The 
courses  shall  be  of  a  technical  nature  bearing  directly  on 
naval  duties  and  closely  related  to  naval  ratings,  with  a  few 
general  courses  designed  to  furnish  a  background  for  those 
men  who  have  not  had  the  preparatory  training  necessary  to  the 
mastery  of  the  technical  courses. 

8.  Work  accomplished  shall  be  entered  on  the  man's  service 
record.     He  shafl  be  granted  a  certificate  of  attainment  for 
each  subject  completed,  and  a  diploma  for  the  completion  of  the 
entire  course. 

9.  An  educational  officer  or  officers  shall  be  detailed  to 
encourage  and  aid  the  men  in  their  studies,  stimulate  them  to 
complete  work  begun,  correct  lesson  assignments,  assign  grades, 
issue  new  lessons,  etc. 

10.  Organization  details  of  the  Educational  work  on  each 
ship  shall  be  left  to  the  commanding  officer  of  that  vessel. 

11.  Educational  advisers  with  special  training  and  practical 
experience  will  be  detailed  by  the  Bureau  to  assist  command- 
ing officers  in  installing  Navy  Educational  courses,  in  working 
out  the  most  practical  organization,  and  in  suggesting  modern  and 
effective  educational  methods. 

(7) 


ANALYSIS  OF  NAVY  EDUCATIONAL  WORK, 
MARCH,  1922. 


Fleets. 

Total 
requests. 

Requests  granted  and  work 
installed. 

Total 
number 
men 
enrolled. 

Atlantic 

5 

Battleships. 
9    (U.  S.  S.  Florida.  ..... 

I          500 

\U.  S.  S.  Arkansas..  .. 
U.  S.  S.  Tennessee.   .. 
II.  S.  S.  Oklahoma.  .. 
U  S  S  Texas 

Pacific    

10 

«      U.  S.  S.  New  York.  .  . 

2  448 

Atlantic  

147 

U.  S.  S.  California..  .. 
U.S.  S.Nevada....  '.. 
U.  S.  S.  New  Mexico.. 
U.S.  S.Mississippi.... 

Destroyers. 
134    . 

1,522 

Pacific    .... 

106 

44     

800 

Asiatic  

2 

Atlantic     

7 

Tenders  and  flagships. 
4     

317 

Pacific  

7 

4     

200 

Asiatic  

I 

Atlantic     

2 

Train. 
1     

17 

Pacific 

g 

7 

145 

Atlantic     

3 

Mine  squadrons. 

UO 

Pacific 

7 

10 

Special  service  and  naval 
transport  vessels. 

i  127 

36 

Shore  stations.* 
7    

i  142 

42 

Individual  requests  from 
ships  and  stations. 

30 

393 

247              Total  enrollment. 

6,228 

1  Figures  approximate. 

2  Included  in  the  total  enrollment  are  six  shore  stations.    The  bureau  regrets  that  its  limited  funds 
have  not  permitted  a  greater  spread  of  educational  work  among  shore  stations. 

(8) 


REQUESTS  FOR  INSTALLATION  OF  NAVY  EDUCATION. 


Commanding    officers    desiring    that    this    general    voluntary 
educational  program  shall  be  placed  in  operation  on  board  the 
vessels  or  at  the  stations  under  their  commands  should  make 
official  application  as  follows: 
Atlantic  Fleet  and  Pacific  Fleet: 

Battleships,  train,  and  all  other  vessels  except  destroyer 
forces,  address — 

Bureau  of  Navigation,  Navy  Department,  via  official 

channels. 
Destroyer  forces,  address — 

Commander,  Destroyer  Force. 

100110—22 2  (0) 


PART  I 

MANUAL  OF  STANDARD  PRACTICE 

FOR  THE  DIRECTION  OF  NAVY 

EDUCATIONAL  WORK 


(ii) 


SUGGESTIONS  AS  TO  HOW  EDUCATIONAL  COURSES  MAY 
PRODUCE  BEST  RESULTS. 


REQUESTS  FOR  ADDITIONAL  EDUCATIONAL  SUPPLIES. 

Atlantic  Fleet — 

Battleships,  train,  and  all  vessels  otherjbhan  destroyers, 
address — 

Bureau  of  Navigation,  Navy  Department,  via  official 

channels. 
Destroyer  force,  address — 

Educational  Officer,  Atlantic  Destroyer  Squadrons. 
Pacific  Fleet- 
All  vessels,  address — 

Educational  Supply  Base,  (now)  Administration  Build- 
ing, Naval  Repair  Base,  San  Diego,  Calif. 
Foreign  and  special  duty,  address — 

Bureau    of   Navigation,    Navy   Department,    via    official 
channels. 

ENROLLMENTS. 

Careful  enrollment  is  a  long  step  toward  successful  educational 
work. 

1.  Educational  advisers  are  on  duty  at  both  the  Atlantic 
and  Pacific  coasts  and  will  assist  the  commanding  officer  with 
enrollment.     Their  familiarity  with  the  courses  and  their  prac- 
tical experience  will  greatly  help  officers  interested  in  making 
effective  enrollments  and  organization. 

2.  The  following  is  suggested  as  the  most  practical  method 
of  enrolling: 

(a)  Preliminary  conversation  with  educational  advisers 
when  practicable. 

(6)  Obtain  list  of  courses  and  samples  from  Bureau  of 
Navigation  or  educational  adviser. 

(c)  Give  publicity  to  ship's  company.  Battleships  publish 
at  quarters  and  use  bulletin  board.  Small  vessels  arrange  for 
informal  talk.  The  commanding  officer,  or  his  representative, 
should  be  able  to  express  general  scope  as  well  as  advantages  of 
free  educational  courses. 

(13) 


14 

Bulletin  board  notices  to  be  effective  should  be  full  of  punch 
and  to  the  point.  The  following  are  examples  of  bulletins 
which  were  worked  out  by  one  commanding  officer  and  used 
with  good  results : 

BULLETIN  No. . 


Are  you  satisfied  with  life? 

If  not,  why  not? 

Do  you  know  where  you  are  headed? 

A  ship  headed  for  no  port  at  all  will  never  reach  any  port.  The  same  is  true 
of  you. 

Capitalize  your  spare  time.  Devote  it  to  making  yourself  a  more  valuable 
man,  which  will  mean  more  happiness  and  success  for  you.  Also  more  money 
if  you  save  some  of  it  as  you  earn  it. 

Owing  to  the  lack  of  funds  for  fuel,  the  cruising  of  this  ship  during  the  next 
three  months  will  be  much  less  than  the  previous  three  months,  and  will  allow 
more  leisure  time  for  educational  work. 

There  will  be  many  opportunities  to  study  and  to  increase  your  earning 
capacity  either  in  the  service  or  on  the  outside.  The  reading  room  will  be 
available  always  for  study  and  reading — nothing  else. 

The  Navy  Education  System  offers  you  various  courses  of  instruction  free  of 
charge.  Each  course  successfully  condenses  a  lifetime  of  experience  into  a  few 
months'  study.  Why  not  learn  from  other  men's  experience. 

If  you  are  in  earnest  when  you  say  to  yourself  that  you  must  do  something  to 
permanently  increase  your  earning  capacity,  then  enroll  and  take  the  course  of 
training  which  is  along  the  line  of  your  naval  duties  or  which  appeals  most  to 
you.  It  is  a  step  which  you  will  never  regret. 

Lieut. —  is  ready  at  any  time  to  advise  and  enroll  you. 


Lieutenant  Commander.  U.  S.  N.,  Executive  Officer. 
POSTER. 

WILL  LIFE   FOR   YOU   BE   A 
SUCCESS    OR  FAILURE? 

DO    YOU  KNOW 

The  Short  Cut  to  Success 
In  Any  Trade  Is  a  Thorough 
Knowledge  of  That  Trade. 

A 

NAVY  EDUCATION 
CO  URSE 

Will  Give  You  Practical 
Training,  Will  Help  You 
To  a  Higher  Rating,  and 
Will  Better  Fit  You  for 
Life. 

ITS   UP   TO    YOU. 


15 

(d)  Men  desiring  to  enroll,  report  to  designated  place  to 
look  over  sample  courses  and  confer  with  educational  officer 
or  adviser. 

(e)  Take  names  of  men  and  courses  desired.    Forward 
letter  to  nearest  educational  supply  depot  or  bureau,  requesting 
number  of  courses  desired  in  each  subject. 

(/)  On  receipt  of  courses,  send  for  men  enrolled.  Issue  first 
lessons,  and  give  instructions  as  to  study,  turning  in  of 
finished  assignments,  etc. 

(g)  Simple  records  of  courses  received,  names  of  students, 
date  of  enrollments,  date  of  issue  and  return  of  lessons,  grades 
for  completed  assignments,  etc.,  should  be  kept  by  one  of  the 
ship's  officers  assisted  by  an  efficient  yeoman  or  non-rated 
man. 

(Ji)  An  officer,  appreciative  of  the  value  of  these  courses  in 
the  training  of  his  men,  should  be  placed  in  charge  of  these 
courses,  if  practicable. 
3.  CAUTION. 

(a)  Not  more  than  two  courses  at  a  time  are  rec- 
ommended for  one  man.  Spelling,  penmanship,  arithmetic, 
and  English  are  excepted. 

(6)  In  certain  cases  it  is  good  practice  to  let  a  man  learn 
for  himself  that  he  needs  to  study  elementary  mathematics  in 
order  to  master  a  technical  subject,  but  as  an  educational  foun- 
dation is  necessary,  it  is  wise  to  advise  student  to  first  take 
up  simple  course  in  mathematics  or  English.  After  defi- 
ciencies have  been  corrected  he  may  then  take  up  a  technical 
subject. 

(c)  Men  usually  do  the  best  work  in  subjects  most  closely 
related  to  their  work,  but  as  intellectual  progress  in  any  sub- 
ject increases  man's  value  to  ship,  individuals  showing  interest 
in  special  subjects  should  be  encouraged. 

(a)  The  individual  will  be  aided  if  he  will  read  and  study  the 
references  to  books  indicated  in  the  courses.  By  such  study 
and  reading  he  will  acquire  a  wide  knowledge  of  the  subject 
and  will  more  quickly  prepare  himself  for  advanced  work.  To 
those  men  interested  in  self-education  the  supplementary  read- 
ings suggested  will  open  up  a  wide  range  of  possibilities. 

(e)  Experience  tends  to  indicate  that  approximately  10  per 
cent  of  complement  of  battleship  make  satisfactory  progress. 
Courses  should,  therefore,  be  given  primarily  to  capable, 
steady,  and  ambitious  men.  The  limitation  applies  more 
especially  to  battleships. 


16 

SUPERVISION  OF  COURSES. 

1.  Past  experience  shows  that  the  Education  System,  as  in- 
stalled on  any  one  ship,  stands  or  falls  by  the  supervision  of 
the  officers  to  whom  the  work  is  intrusted.     The  interest  and 
enthusiasm  of  the  enlisted  personnel  has  been  found  to  be 
uniformly  good.     If  it  does  not  remain  so,  it  is  a  direct  reflec- 
tion upon  the  methods  in  use,  and  is  generally  the  result  of  a 
lack  of  supervision  and  interest  by  the  officers  concerned. 

2.  The  following  is  suggested  as  the  organization  for 
general  supervision,  correction  of  papers,  consultations, 
follow-up  of  individual's  progress,  etc. 

ORGANIZATION  FOE  BATTLESHIP.1 
Ship's  educational  officer. 


1 

1  Educational  yeoman.  1 

I  Aid  to  educational  officer.  | 

Officer 
representing 
engineering 
force. 

1 

Offi 
represe 
deckl 

cer 
nting 
orce. 

Officer 
representing 
electrical 
division. 

Aids  to  engineer  officer.2    | 

I  Aids  to  deck  officer.  [ 

I  Aids  to  electrical  officer.  J 

1  It  will  be  necessary  to  modify  this  for  destroyer  or  smaller  type  of  vessel. 

2  In  exceptional  cases  men  below  the  grade  of  chief  petty  officer  may  be  found  capable  of  grading 
papers. 

NOTE. — In  cases  of  detachments,  or  transfers  of  educa- 
tional officers  or  assistants,  the  commanding  officer  should 
provide  that  officer  or  man  "  turns  over"  educational  duties  to 
his  relief  with  explanation  of  necessary  operation.  This  is 
most  important  that  the  educational  work  may  continue 
unbroken. 

3.  It  is  not  deemed  necessary  for  commissioned  officers  to 
actually  correct  papers  or  personally  instruct  classes,  except 
perhaps  in  a  few  advanced  courses.     Where  well-prepared  war- 
rant or  petty  officers  are  available  as  assistants,  much  of  this 
detail  work'  should   be   intrusted   to   them,   under   thorough 
supervision  of  commissioned  officers. 

4.  Keys  giving  solutions  and  answers  to  the  questions  and 

Eroblems  contained  in  these  courses  are  to  be  placed  in  the 
ands  of  the  officers  responsible  for  the  grading  of  papers. 
These  keys  are  to  be  considered  confidential.  Officers  are 
requested  to  guard  them  with  the  strictest  care.  This  is 
vitally  important  that  the  original  work  of  students  may  not 
be  thwarted  by  these  keys  falling  into  their  hands.  It  is  also 


17 

due  to  the  publisher  that  his  field  should  not  be  interfered  with 
by  the  keys  getting  outside  the  service  into  city  schools  where 
corresponding  textbooks  have  been  adopted.  Ke3^s  on  the  various 
subjects  may  be  obtained  from  the  bureau  by  official  request. 

5.  It  will  be  found  that  interested  students  will  work  put 
most  of  their  problems  alone,  and  that  petty  officers  detailed 
to  assist  will  in  most  cases  cooperate  willingly.     Nevertheless, 
the  ship's  educational  officer  should  check  up  (through 
division  representatives)  progress  made  each  week.     Division 
representatives  should,  in  turn,  weekly  inspect  work  of  enlisted 
assistants. 

6.  Progress   reports   should   be  demanded   monthly. 
Under  normal  conditions  and  when  all  reasonable  encourage- 
ment and  help  have  been  given  a  man  and  he  has  not  turned  in 
an  assignment  within  a  month's  time,  he  should  return  course 
material  and  be  stricken  from  records.     Courses  returned  should 
then  be  reissued  to  other  students  or  returned  to  the  Bureau  of 
Navigation. 

7.  Examination  questions  should  be  requested  officially 
upon  completion  of  subject.     They  should  come  through  the 
Bureau  or  through  the  force  educational  organization,  in  order 
that  standards  may  be  maintained  upon  all  ships.     Examina- 
tion papers  should  be  corrected  by  a  commissioned  officer  desig- 
nated by  the  commanding  officer.     Graded  papers  will  then  be 
sent,  for  approval,  to  the  Bureau  of  Navigation,  Educational 
Section,  where  they  will  be  filed  and  appropriate  certificates  of 
attainment   forwarded    to    the    commanding   officer.     Special 
attention  should  be  paid  to  officer's  special  knowledge  of  subject 
in  question.     The  Naval  Academy  scale  of  grading  should  be 
used. 

8.  (a)  Certificates  of  attainment  (procured  from  Educa- 
tional Supply  Depot  or  Bureau  of  Navigation)  should  be  signed 
by  commanding  officer  and  issued  to  all  students  successfully 
completing  a  subject.     (See  Part  II,  par.  6.) 

(6)  Diplomas  (procured  as  in  (a))  signed  by  Chief  of  Bureau 
of  Navigation  are  issued  on  completion  of  a  course.  (See  Part 
II,  par.  6.)  Certificates  and  diplomas  (or  copies)  should  be 
attached  to  service  records. 

9.  Commanding  officers  will  find  that  designated  office  space 
is  essential  for  proper  distribution  of  courses,  filing  of  records, 
etc.     A  reading  room  or  study  compartment  where  silence 
is   maintained  will   enable   men  to  advance  themselves  more 
rapidly  in  their  courses  and,  therefore,  in  their  ratings. 

100110—22 3 


18 


10.  (a)  Additional   enrollments  may  be  made  through 
reissuing  used  or  returned  courses,  or  through  an  additional 
request. 

(b)  Unused  material  should  be  returned  to  the  bureau  and 
checked  off  supply  record. 

(c)  Men  transferred  should  carry  remaining  assignments  of 
subject  to  new  duties.     When  practicable,  letter  should  be 
addressed  to  new  commanding  officer  advising  of  work  accom- 
plished by  student.     Men  discharged  should  return  all  books 
and  courses  to  ship's  educational  office  before  "  clearing  ship." 

11.  Enlisted  man's  rating  record. — Grades  for  work  done 
in  Navy  Education  Study  Courses  should   be  permanently 
recorded  on  Enlisted  Man's  Rating  Record  as  follows- 

EDUCATIONAL  RECORD  OF 

(To  be  permanently  attached  to  service  record.) 
[Scale  of  marks:  4.0,  excellent;  3.5,  very  good;  3,  good;  2.5,  passing;  2,  fair;  1,  indifferent;  0,  bad.] 


Ship. 

Quarter  end- 
ing or  date 
of  transfer. 

Name  of  subject 
and  number  of 
assignment. 

Grades. 

Recom- 
mended 
for 
further 
instruc- 
tion. 

Executive  officer's 
signature. 

Aver- 
age on 
assign- 
ment. 

On 

final 
exam- 
ination. 

U  S  S 

Apr.     1,  1922 

Boilers:  Oil-fired. 
Assignment, 
1-15. 

4.0 

3.5 

Yes... 

CONSULTATIONS  AND  CORRECTION  OF  PAPERS. 

(a)  Lessons  may  be  corrected  by  competent  men  under 
supervision  of  officers.  (See  par.  3  of  foregoing  section.) 

(&)  Answers  to  questions  (at  conclusion  of  each  lesson) 
should  be  turned  in  each  week  to  ship's  educational  office  or  to 
some  person  designated. 

(c)  Grades  should  conform  to  Naval  Academy  system.  A 
conference  should  be  held  with  each  man  who  hands  in 
written  work  each  week.  The  conference  may  be  with  individ- 
ual or  in  groups.  The  student's  errors  should  be  pointed  out 
and  he  should  be  encouraged  for  any  satisfactory  progress 
shown. 

HOURS  FOR  STUDY  AND  INSTRUCTION. 

(a)  Men  study  outside  of  working  hours,  excepting  in 
ship  or  forces  where  a  regular  study  or  instruction  period  is 
designated.  Individual  study  permits  as  rapid  advancement 


19 

as  the  student  is  capable  of  and  is  at  its  best  when  ship's  activi- 
ties are  keenest.  In  the  case  of  shortage  of  material,  it  may  be 
found  advantageous  to  have  two  men  study  together.  Groups 
or  class  instruction  may  also  prove  advantageous  when  a  group 
of  men  from  the  same  "gang"  have  taken  up  the  same  course. 
(b)  Instruction  periods. — Some  ships  have  done  good 
work  without  instruction  periods,  but  they  aid  materially  in  the 
successful  operation  of  courses.  In  one  instance  the  half  hour 
between  8:15  and  8:45  has  been  set  aside  five  days  a  week  as 
an  instruction  period.  Navy  Education  Courses  may  be  used 
for  the  instruction  of  individual  men  in  cases  where  the  course 
applies  to  the  regular  rating  or  to  the  rating  for  which  a  man 
may  be  striking.  Experience  tends  to  show  that  progress  is  far 
more  certain  and  rapid  when  such  a  period  is  observed.  In  cer- 
tain forces,  courses  bearing  directly  on  a  man's  duties  are 
studied  on  ship's  time;  all  other  courses  are  studied  on  man's 
own  time. 

REPORTS. 

Report  forms  showing  increase  or  decrease  of  enrollment, 
assignments  completed,  etc.,  are  forwarded  on  the  first  of  each 
month  to  the  bureau.  They  are  not  used  to  demonstrate 
comparative  progress  of  units,  and  are  so  constructed  as  to 
require  merely  the  copying  of  monthly  records  of  the  ship's 
educational  office,  and  should  constitute  no  additional  "  paper 
work."  They  are  essential  to  the  bureau  in  forecasting  changes 
in  curriculum,  stock  demands,  etc.  It  is  earnestly  desired  that 
commanding  officers  insist  on  accurate  and  prompt  reports,  so 
that  the  bureau  may  provide  for  the  field  in  an  intelligent  and 
efficient  manner. 

SUGGESTIVE  FORCE  ORGANIZATIONS. 

Force  commander. 

Force  education  officer. 
(C.  O.  of  flagship.) 


Squad.  Comdr. 


Squad.  Comdr. 


Educational  advisers. 


20 

MAINTAINING  PRODUCTIVENESS  OF  COURSES. 

1.  The  Navy  Study  Courses  are  now  being  used  by  213  ships 
and  shore  stations  and  are  well  beyond  the  experimental 
stage.     In  the  hands  of  an  officer  with  initiative,  intelligence; 
vision,  and  leadership,  this  educational  system  has  proved  to  be 
a  dynamic  force  for  the  surest  and  largest  accomplishment  of  his 
task.     The  best  use  of  these  courses  will  so  make  for  improved 
efficiency  and  a  fuller  functioning  of  the  personnel  in  hand  that 
economical  results  should  follow — more  work  and  greater  effec- 
tiveness with  the  same  force-has  been  demonstrated.     Most 
practical  and  immediate  results  should  be  obtained,  as  the  men 
are  studying  the  very  tools  used  by  them  in  their  everyday 
work. 

2.  Difficulties. — Commanding  officers  interested  in  devel- 
oping the  efficiency  of  personnel  through  courses  will  find  at 
certain  periods  a  falling  off  of  interest.     This  will  probably  be 
due  to  one  of  the  following  causes:  Natural  letdown  after  first 
enrollment;  inactivity  of  educational  officer,  division  represent- 
atives, or  assistants;  navy-yard  periods,  etc.;  transfer  or  detach- 
ments.    Success  will  vary,  and  progress  will  be  made  in  a  series 
of  spurts,  with  the  leave  and  overhaul  periods  as  the  slack  times. 
When  ship  is  facing  extraordinary  activities,  educational  officer 
and  aids  should  see  that  educational  organization  is  functioning 
at  its  best  to  overcome  other  emphases.     It  has  been  demon- 
strated that  practical  educational  work  related  to  ratings  may 
be  carried  through  a  falling-ojf  period,  involving  cruises  and 
difficult  duty.     The  natural  difficulties  mentioned  may  be 
overcome. 

(a)  Natural  let  down  after  first  enrollment.  It  is  ex- 
pected that  certain  men  will  lose  interest.  If  a  falling 
off  of  interest  is  observed,  it  is  recommended  that  individuals 
concerned  be  interviewed. 

(1)  It  should  be  ascertained  from  officer  or  petty  officer 
directly  in  charge  of  student's  naval  or  routine  duties  whether 
he  is  attempting  to  study  a  course  too  advanced  for  his 
education.     If  so,  he  should  be  given  a  more  elementary  one 
as  a  preliminary  step. 

(2)  Inquiry  should  be  made  as  to  whether  he  has  been  able 
to  receive  weekly  consultation  and  assistance  from  his 
divisional  representative. 

(3)  If  the  lack  of  progress  may  not  be  attributed  to  the  fore- 
going (or  other  reasonable  cause),  it  is  recommended  that  his 
course  be  returned  to  the  ship's  educational  office,  and  that 
his  name  be  stricken  from  the  enrollment  records.    An- 
other man  may  be  given  his  course. 


21 

(5)  Inactivity  of  educational  officer,  division  repre- 
sentatives, or  assistants  is  ordinarily  due  to  a  lack  of  interest 
in  or  knowledge  of  the  benefits  to  be  derived  from  a  well- 
trained  enlisted  personnel.  It  is  therefore  suggested  that  the 
matter  be  impressed  on  them  as  a  part  of  the  ship's 
program  in  attaining  the  highest  possible  degree  of  efficiency. 

(c)  Navy-yard  periods.— -It  is  to  be  expected  that  interest  in 
and  study  of  courses  should  decrease  during  target  practice, 
navy-yard  periods,  etc.     Courses  are  so  constructed  that  the 
work  may  be  resumed  without  loss  if  the  educational 
officer  maintains  the  simple  organization  intact. 

(d)  Transfer  or  detachment. — In  many  instances  ships 
doing  excellent  educational  work  have  almosi  immediately 
ceased  showing  progress  when  one  or  more  of  the  officers  most 
concerned  with  this  work  have  been  detached.     It  is  believed 
that  the  work  may  be  carried  on  without  interruption  if  the 
relief  has  been  indoctrinated  with  the  advantages  and  op- 
eration of  courses. 

(e)  The  bureau  will  gladly  furnish  commanding  officers 
with  any  information  they  may  desire,  to  further  the  suc- 
cessful maintenance  of  courses. 


The  Bureau  of  Navigation  is  the  Bureau  of  Personnel. 
Consequently,  the  Bureau  of  Navigation  is  vitally  in- 
terested in  this  effort  to  increase  the  proficiency  of  the 
personnel. 

In  this  connection  the  bureau  will  be  grateful  to  re- 
ceive any  comments  or  criticisms  from  commanding 
officers  on  the  general  operation  of  these  courses  and  will 
forward  any  information  desired  by  officers  in  the  fleets. 

Information  is  being  gathered  as  to  methods  which 
have  proved  successful  in  various  units.  Copies  of  these 
methods  will  be  forwarded  on  request. 


22 

DUTIES  OF  YEOMAN  HANDLING  COURSES. 
I.  RECORDS. 

(a)  A  record  should  be  kept  of  all  material  received, 

noting  titles  and  number  of  assignments.  This  record  may  ~be 
known  as  the  "  Educational  Stock  Record"  and  will  be  found  to 
be  most  conveniently  kept  on  5  by  8  cards  fled  by  subject.  The 
following  form  is  suggested: 


Steam  Engineering- 
Practical  Steam  Engineering. 


U.  S.  S.  Cable 
Educational  Stock  Record 


Date. 


Jan.  2, 1922.  Received. 
Jan.  8,  1922.  Received . 


25  25  25  25  25  25  25  25  25  25  25  25  25  25  25  25  25  25  25  25 


Total 

Jan.  9, 1922.  Returned  to  Bunav 

Feb.  4,  1922.   Returned  to  educational  officer, 
Charleston 


Total. 


Assignments. 


123456789  10  11 12  13  14  15  16  17  18  19  20 


30  30  30  30  30  30  30  30  30  30  25  25  25  25  25  25  25  25  25  25 
10  10  10  10  10  10  10  10  10  10 


1515151515202020202025252525252525252525 


(b)  A  record  should  also  be  kept  of  material  issued  to 
men,  and  may  be  combined  with  the  record  of  enrollments 
and  progress.  The  following  3  by  5  card  is  recommended  and 
should  be  fled  alphabetically  under  the  man's  name: 


23 


24 


25 

An  alternative  plan  for  this  enrollment  and  progress  record 
card  is  one  that  was  worked  out  by  some  destroyer  vessels 
for  their  OWTL  use. 

A  heavy  manila  folder  bears  on  the  index  tab  the  man's 
name  and  name  of  course  being  pursued;  on  the  front  of 
folder,  the  record  of  progress;  while  the  unused  parts  of 
courses  begun  and  letters  of  record  are  filed  inside  the  jacket. 
These  folders  are  kept  in  vertical  file  alphabetically  under  the 
man's  name.  The  two  forms  submitted  are  as  follows: 


o 

i 

•  —  •  . 



J 

c 

a 

> 

OC 

- 

C 

ir 

- 

V 

CN 

Assignments... 

Date  issued  ... 

£ 

"c 
g 

o 
o 

1 

c 

'C 

a 

100110—22 4 


COURSES  UNDERTAKEN. 

ENGINEERING. 

GAS  AND  OIL  ENGINES. 

ELECTRICITY. 

No. 

Com- 
menced. 

Com- 
pleted. 

No. 

Com- 
menced. 

Com- 
pleted. 

No. 

Com- 
menced. 

Com- 
pleted. 

:  

EXAMINATIONS. 

ENGINEERING. 

GAS  AND  OIL  ENGINES. 

ELECTRICITY. 

No. 

Com- 
menced. 

Com- 
pleted. 

No. 

Com- 
menced. 

Com- 
pleted. 

No. 

Com- 
menced. 

Com- 
pleted. 

-—______ 

NOTE. — These  cards  should  be  kept  accurately  and  up  to  date, 
so  that  the  commanding  officer's  monthly  reports  to  the 
bureau  or  to  the  force  educational  officer  may  oe  made  out 
easily  and  with  promptness. 


27 

II.  EDUCATIONAL  MATERIEL. 

(a)  On  receiving  educational  materiel,  it  should  be  sorted 
so  that  each  course  stands  as  a  whole;  that  is,  assignments 
should  follow  in  sequence  (or  rotation). 

HI.  HOURS. 

(a)  Hours  should  be  posted  when  educational  yeoman 
is  in  office,  so  that  men  may  know  when  to  turn  in  completed 
assignments  and  draw  new  ones. 

IV.  REQUESTS. 

(a)  Requests  for  new  courses  should  be  transmitted 

without  delay  to  the  educational  officer.  The  educational 
officer  should  be  informed  daily  of  conditions  in  the  educational 
office,  and  should  keep  in  constant  touch  with  the  needs  of 
the  men.  A  personal  interview  with  a  man  is  worth  a  dozen 
notices,  announcements,  etc.,  in  keeping  up  his  interest  and 
enthusiasm. 


NOTE  FOR  EDUCATIONAL  OFFICER. 

The  bureau  is  of  the  opinion,  first,  that  a  certain  percentage 
of  the  enlisted  personnel  afloat  will  earnestly  study  courses  on 
their  own  time;  second,  that  the  majority  of  enlisted  personnel 
taking  them  show  improvement  in  their  naval  duties;  and 
third,  that  distribution  of  courses  by  the  bureau  tends  to  raise 
the  general  standard  of  the  personnel. 

The  suggestions  contained  in  the  foregoing  paragraphs  may 
provide  a  practical  outline.  The  actual  organization  is  left, 
however,  with  the  individual  educational  officer,  with  the 
realization  that  each  ship  will  work  out  the  most  effective 
methods  of  improving  the  efficiency  of  its  own  men. 

(28) 


SUGGESTIONS  TO  STUDENTS. 

NOTE. — Some,  or  all,  of  the  following  notes  may  be  copied  for 
bulletin  boards,  or  distributed  to  students. 

Men  have  earned  warrants  and  commissions  through  hard 
work  plus  the  knowledge  gained  through  books  and  corre- 
spondence courses. 

You  also  may  improve  your  education  and  advance  yourself. 

Educational  courses  are  of  little  value  unless  you  are  will- 
ing to  put  real  study  in  them.  They  will  give  you  education 
only  in  exchange  for  perseverance  and  work. 

The  following  hints  may  help  you  to  get  ahead: 

1.  Promise  yourself  to  study  a  half  hour  or  an  hour  a  day 
and  stand  by  your  promise.     If  you  cannot  get  in  half  an  hour 
on  one  day  make  it  up  on  the  following.     Remember  other  men 
have  advanced  themselves  under  like  circumstances  and  you 
can  do  the  same. 

(a)  The  first  and  most  important  point  is  perseverance. 
In  the  face  of  all  interferences  and  obstacles  keep  on  studying. 
The  man  who  sticks  wins  more  surely  than  the  brilliant  man. 

(6)  Pick  out  as  quiet  a  place  as  you  can  find  and  make  the 
habit  of  going  there  to  study  every  day. 

(c)  When  you  sit  down  to  study,  keep  your  mind  on  the 
lesson,  and  keep  "digging  at  it."  You  will  get  interested  in 
your  work  and  the  more  you  study  the  better  you  will  like  it. 
In  technical  subjects,  drawing  rough  sketches  or  diagrams  of 
machinery  or  problems  will  usually  help  you  to  concentrate 
your  attention  when  you  find  it  hard  to  study. 

2.  (a)  If  you  cannot  understand  the  lesson,  talk  it  over  with 
some  other  man  taking  the  same  course.     If  he  cannot 
help  you,  talk  it  over  with  a  chief  petty  officer  or  an  officer  at  a 
convenient  time.     While  you  are  waiting  to  talk  it  over,  see  if 
you  can't  do  the  rest  of  the  lesson. 

(b)  If  you  are  sure  you  have  worked  out  the  first  lesson  the 
best  you  can,  hand  it  in  and  get  it  corrected  and  start  on  the 
next  one.     If  you  think  there  may  be  some  mistakes,  talk  it 
over  with  the  officer  or  enlisted  man  who  is  helping  you. 
Then  go  on  to  your  next  lesson.     If  you  have  been  told  to  have 
each  lesson  corrected  by  some  officer  or  man,  take  your  work 
to  him  when  you  finish  first  lesson. 

100110—22 5  (29) 


30 

(c)  If  you  strike  a  hard  problem,  wrestle  with  it,  and 

in  most  cases,  you  can  work  it  out.  If  you  are  sure,  however, 
that  the  whole  course  is  too  deep,  ask  the  educational  officer 
for  another  course  that  is  not  so  advanced. 

(d)  Don't  try  to  do  too  much  at  once.     If  you  study  one 
subject  at  a  time  you  will  be  making  good  progress.     Stick  to 
that  one  subject.     Do  it  well,  and  go  on  to  the  next  higher 
one  when  you  have  finished  the  first  one. 

3.  Develop  the  habit  of  linking  up  your  studies  with 
your  everyday  experiences.  Look  for  opportunities  in  your 
regular  work  to  use  the  knowledge  you  have  gained. 

(a)  If  you  are  in  the  engineer  force,  work  out  your  prob- 
lems by  figuring  out  the  equipment  in  the  engine  room. 

(&)  If  you  are  taking  an  English  course,  try  to  write  your 
letters  according  to  what  you  have  learned.  Draw  a  good 
interesting  book  from  the  library  and  take  notice  of  how  it  is 
written. 

(c)  If  you  are  taking  a  course  in  navigation,  check  up  what 
you  have  learned  by  whatever  you  see  or  hear  on  the  deck 
or  bridge. 

(d)  K  you  are  taking  an  advanced  course,  try  to  get  a  book 
on  the  same  subject  from  the  library  and  study  that  along 
with  the  course.     You  will  find  various  books  referred  to  in  cer- 
tain of  the  courses.     Borrow  these  books  from  the  library;  read 
the  sections  indicated  and  make  sure  you  thoroughly  under- 
stand them.     By  such  reading  you  will  prepare  yourself  for 
more  advanced  courses  and  will  obtain  a  better  knowledge  of 
the  subject.     Don't  be  satisfied  with  the  explanation  of  a 
single  textbook,  but  read  as  many  books  as  you  can  borrow 
from  the  library,  and  see  what  others  have  to  say  on  the  same 
subject. 

(e)  Keep  a  small  inexpensive  dictionary  in  your  bag  or 
locker. 


PART  II 


NAVY  EDUCATION  STUDY  COURSES 
OFFERED 


(31) 


NAVY  EDUCATION  STUDY  COURSES  OFFERED. 

1.  Instruction. — The  various  subjects  are  taught  through  a 
series  of  lessons,  which  are  built  on  the  self-instruction  plan 
used  by  the  best  university  extension  departments  and  corre- 
spondence schools  throughout  the  country  and  adopted ,  in  the 
courses  constructed  by  the  different  bureaus  of  the  Navy  De- 
partment.    These  subjects  are  furnished  to  the  ships  complete 
in  quantities  requested,  but  are  issued  to  the  man  one  assignment 
at  a  time.     Such  an  assignment  includes  or  cites  the  part  of  the 
text  that  is  to  be  studied,  detailed  instructions  explanatory  of  the 
material  assigned  and  questions  to  be  answered.     In  addition  to 
this  self-help  material,  motion  pictures  and  charts  will  be  used 
when  possible.     The  counsel  of  the  special  educational  officer  will 
be   available,  as   well   as   the  helpful   interest  of  all   the  ships 
officers.     Furthermore,  for  many  of  the  courses  the  ship  should 
be  used  as  a  laboratory,  that  is,  the  particular  line  of  work, 
the  theory  of  which  is  covered  by  these  courses,  can  be  seen  and 
studied  in  actual  operation  aboard  the  ship  itself. 

2.  Advice   and   direction. — The   educational  officer  or  one 
of  his   representatives  will   have   a   definite  schedule   of   office 
hours,  during  which  period  he  will  be  accessible  to  any  men,  not 
otherwise  employed,  who  desire  to  start  courses,  obtain  lesson 
sheets,  turn  in  finished  lessons,  or  obtain  advice.     Men  should 
be  encouraged  to  study  the  courses  pertaining  to  or   closely 
allied  to  their  everyday  naval  duties. 

3.  References    for    additional    reading    along    line    of 
study. — Inserted  in  the  courses  are  references  to  books  for  ad- 
ditional reading  and  study.     Such  books,  if  not  on  board,  may 
be  requested  by  the  commanding  officer  from  the  bureau.     They 
should  be  issued  only  through  the  crew's  library,  being  charged 
out  in  the  same  manner  as  other  books.     Upon  return  they 
should  be  loaned  to  other  students  as  demanded.     If  use  jus- 
tifies, the  bureau  will  supply  duplicate  copies. 

All  men  taking  these  courses  should  make  use  of  the  supple- 
mentary reading  indicated.  The  use  of  this  material  will  be  of 
great  value  in  acquiring  a  more  comprehensive  knowledge  of 
the  subject,  in  preparation  for  more  advanced  courses,  as  well 
as  in  forming  the  habit  of  the  use  of  books  for  reading  and  study. 

(33) 


34 

4.  What  is  meant  by  course  and  subject. — Throughout 
this  manual  the  term  course  shall  be  used  to  indicate  the  larger 
divisions,   as   ordnance   and  gunnery,   steam    engineering,   yeo- 
manry,  etc.     Each  course  shall  be  made  up  of  a  number  of 
smaller  divisions  which  shall  be  known  as  subjects   (sometimes 
referred  to  as  courses  of  study  or  courses  of  instruction) ,  such  as : 

Steam  engineering  (course). 
Subjects: 

Practical  steam  engineering. 

Boiler  operation. 

Pumps. 

Steam  turbines. 

5.  Navy  Education  offers  eleven  courses  and  certain  gen- 
eral subjects.     These  are  as  follows: 

Navigation.  Electrical  engineering. 

Seamanship.  Gas  engineering. 

Ordnance  and  gunnery.  Yeomanry. 

Deck  artificer.  Commissary. 

Communications.  Pharmacy." 
Steam  engineering. 


General  Subjects, 


Under  each  of  these  eleven  courses  come  certain  technical  or 
scientific  subjects  applicable  to  that  particular  course,  and  in 
addition  to  these,  certain  nontechnical  or  general  subjects  which 
are  considered  as  essential  for  a  background.  Certificates  of 
attainment  will  be  issued  to  all  students  successfully  completing 
any  subject,  whether  technical  or  general.  In  order  for  a  student 
to  receive  a  diploma  covering  an  entire  course,  he  must  hold  cer- 
tificates of  attainment  for  each  of  the  subjects  listed  as  forming 
part  of  that  particular  course. 

The  subjects  offered  in  the  eleven  courses,  as  well  as  the 
general  subjects,  shall  be  as  follows: 

Course  I.  NAVIGATION. 

Technical  subjects. 

Number  of  lessons. 

Ocean  and  coast  navigation 12 

Nautical  astronomy 15 

International  law 15 

Geography Textbook. 


35 

Nontechnical  subjects. 
English.  Mathematics. 

Course  II.  SEAMANSHIP  (in  preparation). 
Course  IH.  ORDNANCE  AND  GUNNERY  (in  preparation). 

Technical  subjects. 

Ordnance  material — Care  and  preservation. 

Ammunition  and  ammunition  stowage. 

Guns  and  mounts. 

Torpedoes. 

Turrets. 

Fire  control. 

Safety  precautions. 

Nontechnical  subjects. 

English.  Mathematics.  Physics. 

Course  IV.  DECK  ARTIFICER  (in  preparation). 

Technical  subjects. 

Carpenter's  mate  3c,  qualifications  for 26 

Carpenter's  mate  2c,  qualifications  for 2G 

Carpenter's  mate  Ic,  qualifications  for 26 

Carpenter's  mate,  chief,  qualifications  for 26 

Shipfitter  3c,  qualifications  for - 26 

Shipfitter  2c,  qualifications  for 26 

Shipfitter  Ic,  qualifications  for 26 

Shipfitter,  chief,  qualifications  for 26 

Painter  3c,  qualifications  for 26 

Painter  2c,  qualifications  for 26 

BainterJ^jiiialifications  for. . .  26 


Number  of 


qualifications  for 26 

Blacksmith  Ic,  qualifications  for 26 

Patternmaker  (in  preparation). 
Sailmaker  (in  preparation).. 
Printer  (in  preparation). 

Nontechnical  subjects. 

English.  Mathematics.  Mechanical  drawing. 

Course  V.  COMMUNICATIONS  (in  preparation). 

Technical  subjects. 
Radio. 

Sound  apparatus. 
Signals. 

Nontechnical  subjects. 
English.  Mathematics.  Physics. 


36 

Course  VI.  STEAM  ENGINEERING. 

(Courses  for  advancement  in  ratings  of  water  tenders,  machinist's  mate,  boilermakers,  coppersmiths, 
enginemen,  molder,  and  firemen.) 

Technical  subjects. 

Number  of 


Practical  steam  engineering 20 

Boilers: 

(I)  Boiler  operation — 

(a)  Boilers,  oil-fired 15 

(6)  Boilers,  coal-fired 12 

(II)  Boiler  care  (in  preparation). 
(Ill)  Boiler  repair  (in  preparation). 

Steam  boilers  (advanced) 20 

Steam  engines 20 

Marine  steam  turbines  (elementary)  in  preparation: 

Pt.  I.  Curtis  turbine 12 

Pt.  II.  Parsons  turbine 12 

Pt.  III.  Westinghouse  turbine 12 

Pt.  IV.  De  Leval,  Sturtevant,  and  Terry  turbine 12 

Steam  turbines  (advanced) 20 

Pumps 10 

Heat  (advanced) 16 

Refrigeration 20 

Coppersmi  thing  (to  be  prepared). 
Molding  (to  be  prepared). 

Nontechnical  subjects. 

English.  Mathematics.  Physics.  Mechanical  drawing. 

Course  VII.  ELECTRICAL  ENGINEERING. 

Technical  subjects. 

Number  of 


Practical  electricity ,. . ....... ...  ..^..^        20 

Elementary  magnetism  and  electricity .4*?: :  .'.•*  il'/r.  .7  r::fTT.    .    .  "  ~10 

Theory  and  operation  of  direct-current  machinery 

Theory  of  alternating  currents 20 

Searchlights  (in  preparation). 

Nontechnical  subjects. 

English.  Mathematics.  Physics.  Mechanical  drawing. 

Course  VIII.  GAS  ENGINEERING. 

Technical  subjects. 

Number  of 
lessons. 

Gas  and  oil  engines,  Course  I : 

Gas  and  oil  engines,  Course  II 10 

Nontechnical  subjects. 
English.  Mathematics.  Physics.  Mechanical  drawing. 


37 


Course  IX.  YEOMANRY. 

Technical  subjects. 

Manual  of  Office  Procedure,  U.  S.  Navy  (in  preparation). 

Typist's  Guide — From  Sight  to  Touch 

Rational  typewriting 

Lessons  in  Gregg  shorthand  with  test  exercises  (each) 

Elementary  bookkeeping 

Elementary  accounting 

First  lessons  in  business 

Business  law. . .  


Penmanship. 


Nontechnical  subjects. 
Mathematics.  Spelling. 


Number  of 
lessons. 


36 
20 
10 
16 
20 
20 


English. 


Course  X.  COMMISSARY  (in  preparation). 

Technical  subjects. 


Cooks  and  bakers. 
Stewards. 


English. 


Nontechnical  subjects. 

Chemistry.  Penmanship. 


Course  XI.  PHARMACY. 

(Courses  for  advancement  in  ratings  of  pharmacists'  mates.) 

Technical  subjects. 

Anatomy,  physiology,  and  first  aid. 

Chemistry,  organic  and  inorganic,  for  pharmacy  students. 

Pharmacy. 

Nontechnical  subjects. 
English.  Mathematics. 


Number  of 


38 

GENERAL  SUBJECTS. 

Spelling,  Navy  Speller 155 

Penmanship,  Palmer  Method  of  Business  Writing 146 

Arithmetic 7 

Elementary  algebra,  Courses  A-l,  A-2,  A-3  (each) 24 

Plane  geometry 20 

Solid  geometry 10 

Plane  trigonometry 24 

Practical  calculus 10 

Navy  primer 26 

Plain  English 20 

English  for  enlisted  men 33 

Drills  in  effective  English  and  letter  writing 82 

Elementary  chemistry 40 

Elementary  physics 40 

Mechanical  drawing 20 

Elementary  United  States  history  and  government. 20 

Civics  (in  preparation). 

Elementary  Spanish 20 

Advanced  Spanish 20 

TEXTBOOKS  REQUIRED  FOR  CERTAIN  SUBJECTS. 

Many  courses  are  complete  in  themselves,  but  some  require 

extra  textbooks.  The  following  textbooks  accompany  the  sub- 
jects specified  and  should  be  issued  with  these  courses  of  study 
when  given  out : 

Textbook.  Subject. 

Azimuths  of  the  Sun IfWan  and  rnast  navigation 

Bowditch:  American  Practical  Navigator... /Ocean  and  coast  navigation. 
Bowditch:  American  Practical  Navigator... 


Hosmer:  Navigation. 
Nautical  Almanac. 
Lawrence : 

Principles  of  International  Law. 


Documents  Illustrative  of  International 
Law 

Pate :  Naval  Artificer's  Manual 

Carmichael:  Practical  Ship  Production 

Bu.  C.  &R.: 

Sailors  Manual  of  Paints  and  Painting. 


Nautical  astronomy. 


International  law. 


Deck  artificer's  courses. 


Instructions  for  painting  and  cementing 
vessels.  General  specifications — Ap- 
pendix 6 

Moyer:  Steam  Turbines Steam  turbines  (advanced). 

Howe:   Bookkeeping   and   Accounting,   in-jElementary  bookkeeping. 

eluding  budgets  121  to  124 / 

Rittenhouse:  Accounting  Theory  and  Prac-lE1          t ary  accoimting. 

tice,  Unit  I,  with  practice  sets / 

Bexell:  First  Lessons  in  Business First  lessons  in  business. 

Hirschl:  Business  Law Business  law. 


39 

Wells  A  Hart:  New  High  School  *g^^^ 

Wentworth  &  Smith:  Academic  Algebra...  {E1^?^y  algebra  (Ma5sachusetts 

Wells  &  Hart:  Plane  geometry  ............  {^^S^^*****    (MaS8aChU' 

Wells  &  Hart:  Solid  Geometry.  .  .  .{S(^      &  ometry      (Massachusetts 

^       COUiSG  )  • 

Ford  &  Ammerman:  Plane  and  Solid  Geom-iPlane  and  solid  geometry  (Univer- 

etry  .....................................  /    sity  of  Missouri  course). 

Wentworth  &  Smith:  Plane  and  Spherical  1  Plane  trigonometry  (Massachusetts 

Trigonometry  ...........................  /    and  Oregon  courses). 

Various  authors:  Plain  English  ..............  Plain  English. 

Kennedy  &  Bridges:  Effective  English  andl  Drills  in  effective  English  and  let- 

Letter  Writing  ...........................  /    ter  writing. 

Blount  &    Northup:  Elementary  Grammarl  English    grammar    with     composi- 

with  Composition  ........................  /    tion. 

Millikan&Gale: 

First  Course  in  Physics  ................  Elementary  physics  (old  course). 

Practical  Physics  .....................  Elementary  physics  (revised  courseX 


Woodburn  &  Moran:  Elementary  Americani  Elementary  United  States  history 
History  and  Government  .................  /    and  government. 

Dunn:  Community  Civics  ...................  Civics. 

Hills  &  Ford:  First  Spanish  Course  .........  I™  Q       .  , 

Alarcon:  El  Capitan  Veneno  ................  JElementary  Spanish. 

Olmsted  &  Gordon:  Spanish  Grammar  .....  | 

Whittem  &  Andrade:  Spanish  Commercial  [Advanced  Spanish. 
Correspondence  ..........................  J 


DESCRIPTION  OF  COURSES  AND  SUBJECTS. 

Course  I.  NAVIGATION. 

OCEAN    AND    COAST    NAVIGATION.     (A  practical  elementary  course  on 
navigation.) 

This  course  of  study  is  based  on  40  years  of  actual  sea  expe- 
rience and  was  further  revised  by  the  head  of  the  department 
of  seamanship  of  the  Naval  Academy.  It  covers  navigation 
from  A  to  Z  in  a  complete  but  elementary  form,  and  presents 
the  subject  in  the  way  the  practical  man  of  long  sea  experience 
knows  it.  It  so  simplifies  Bowditch  that  only  an  ordinary 
knowledge  of  arithmetic  is  necessary  for  the  mastery  of  it. 

NAUTICAL  ASTRONOMY. 

A  more  advanced  study  of  astronomy  as  applied  to  naviga- 
tion. It  was  prepared  by  the  University  of  California,  in 
cooperation  with  the  Naval  Academy,  as  a  course  for  practical 
seamen.  The  course  deals  in  general  with  the  principles  and 
rules  of  mathematics  as  used  by  navigators;  piloting;  charts; 
compass  errors;  sailings;  dead  reckoning;  system  of  coordinates; 
mean,  apparent,  and  sidereal  times;  use  of  nautical  almanac; 
chronometer  error  and  rate;  sextant  corrections;  determination 
of  longitude,  time,  latitude,  azimuth,  and  amplitude;  old  and 
new  -methods  of  finding  the  Simmer  line;  finding  the  ship's 
position  by  the  intersection  of  position  lines;  and  a  complete 
day's  work.  The  student  taking  up  this  subject  should  have 
a  knowledge  of  trigonometry  and  logarithms;  however,  if  he 
is  not  familiar  with  these  subjects,  he  should  begin  by  studying 
Bowditch,  Appendix  III,  which  contains  an  elemental  treatise 
on  the  rules  and  principles  of  mathematics  required. 

INTERNATIONAL  LAW. 

This  course  of  study  deals  with  the  fundamental  principles 
of  international  law  as  they  have  been  developed  through  the 
practice  and  agreement  of  nations.  Special  attention  is  given 
to  instructions  for  the  United  States  Navy  governing  maritime 
warfare.  The  course  is  designed  for  those  desiring  a  general 
knowledge  of  the  subject,  but  it  may  be  pursued  with  profit 
by  officers  studying  for  promotion. 

(40) 


41 

GEOGRAPHY. 

A  study  in  geography  presented  in  a  new  way.  The  earth's 
surface  is  divided  into  "natural  regions."  The  climatic  con- 
ditions, physical  features,  and  natural  resources  of  each  are 
shown  as  shaping  the  activities  and  customs  of  the  people  living 
there.  This  study  of  the  part  played  in  the  growth  of  civiliza- 
tion and  in  human  affairs  by  geographic  surroundings  gives  an 
idea  of  the  connection  between  the  geography,  history,  and 
literature  of  different  parts  of  the  world.  This  course  empha- 
sizes the  commerce  and  industry  of  the  world  and  the  study  of 
oceans  and  their  relation  to  commerce,  closing  with  a  special 
study  of  the  United  States  as  a  world  power.  A  notable  fea- 
ture of  the  text  is  the  variety  and  excellence  of  the  colored  map 
studies. 

Course  II.  SEAMANSHIP  (in  preparation). 

SEAMANSHIP. 

The  bureau  realizes  that  long  experience  in  the  deck  force 
is  necessary  to  develop  an  efficient  seaman.  The  course  in 
question  can  never  be  considered  as  a  substitute  for  such  prac- 
tical experience.  It  will,  however,  clearly  outline  technical 
methods,  duties,  and  practices,  enabling  the  average  man  to 
understand  them  more  thoroughly  and  to  perform  them  with 
greater  skill. 

The  purpose  of  the  course  is  to  present  in  a  clear  and  inter- 
esting series  of  lessons  those  subjects  a  competent  seaman  or 
boatswain's  mate  must  know..  Material  is  being  assembled 
and  prepared  by  experienced  naval  officers. 

Course  III.  ORDNANCE  AND  GUNNERY  (in  preparation). 

ORDNANCE  AND  GUNNERY. 

The  purpose  of  these  courses  is  to  make  the  men  proficient 
in  ordnance  and  gunnery  to  the  end  that  they  may  obtain 
higher  ratings  in  these  branches  of  the  service.  It  is  contem- 
plated that  seven  courses  will  be  constructed  to  cover  the 
material  on  these  subjects,  as  follows: 

(a)  Ordnance  material — Its  care  and  preservation. 

(&)  Ammunition  and  ammunition  stowage. 

(c)  Guns  and  mounts. 

W)  Torpedoes. 

(*)  Turrets. 

(f)  Fire  control. 

(g)  Safety  precautions. 


42 

These  courses  of  instruction  will  take  up  in  detail  such  sub- 
jects as:  Naval  rifled  guns;  naval  gun  mounts;  the  Waterbury 
hydraulic  speed  gear;  breech  mechanisms;  naval  gun  sights; 
firing  attachments  and  gas-expelling  devices;  care  and  preser- 
vation of  ordnance  material;  reports  and  returns;  the  control  of 
fire;  electricity;  use  of  tools  and  safety  precautions;  torpedo 
control,  operation,  care,  and  repair;  torpedo  tools;  torpedo 
ordnance  forms;- turret  operation  and  overhaul;  turret  fire- 
control  system;  and  instruments  and  safety  precautions. 

The  material  will  be  selected  from  United  States  Naval 
Gunnery,  1913;  United  States  Nav}^  Gunnery  Instructions, 
1920;  The  Ship  and  Gun  Drills,  United  States  Navy,  1918; 
Naval  Ordnance,  United  States  Naval  Academy,  revised  ed., 
1921;  Handbook  for  Seaman  Gunners,  1918;  bureau  pam- 
phlets; Reports  of  Gunnery  Exercises,  published  semiannually; 
and  Bluejacket's  Manual,  1918. 

Course  IV.  DECK  ARTIFICER. 

DECK  ARTIFICER    BRANCH— CARPENTER'S    MATES,   SHIP   FITTERS, 
BLACKSMITHS,  AND  PAINTERS. 

These  courses  of  instruction  for  all  ratings  in  the  deck 
artificer  branch  were  prepared  by  the  Bureau  of  Construction 
and  Repair.  They  outline  all  information  which  will  make  for 
proficiency  in  the  various  ratings  of  carpenter's  mates,  ship 
fitters,  blacksmiths,  and  painters,  and  are  recommended  to 
applicants  for  advancement  in  this  branch. 

The  subjects  covered  relate  to  the  care  and  preservation 
of  the  hull  and  fittings  and  the  care  and  operation  of  such  naval 
auxiliary  machinery  and  appliances  under  cognizance  of  the 
Bureau  of  Construction  and  Repair  as  are  assigned  to  the  deck 
artificers  for  upkeep  and  operation. 

Elementary  arithmetic  has  been  included  as  necessary  to 
insure  a  clear  understanding  of  all  problems  likely  to  arise. 

Instruction  is  given  on  miscellaneous  subjects  pertaining  to 
all  trades  represented  in  the  deck  artificer  branch,  including 
nomenclature  of  general  features  of  ships,  nature  of  materials, 
piping  systems,  names  and  uses  of  tools,  strength  and  weight 
of  materials,  types  and  classes  of  vessels,  displacement  and 
tonnage,  etc. 

Instruction  is  also  given  in  the  mechanical  trades  of  the 
various  ratings  as  follows: 

Carpenter's  mates. — Boat  building  and  repairs,  joiner  and 
ship  carpentering,  spar  making  and  general  woodworking  as 
required  on  naval  vessels. 


43 

Ship  fitters. — Ship  fitting,  pipe  fitting  and  plumbing,  acetylene 
cutting  and  welding,  miscellaneous  metal  working. 

Blacksmiths. — Forging,  tempering  tools,  chain  making,  and 
miscellaneous  blacksmith  work. 

Painters. — Formula  for  mixing  paints,  testing  and  care  of 
paint  materials,  application  of  paints,  instructions  for  painting 
and  cementing  vessels  of  the  Navy. 

Pattern  makers  (in  preparation). 

Sailmakers  (in  preparation) . 

Printers  (in  preparation). 

Course  V.  COMMUNICATIONS  (in  preparation). 

RADIO  (in  preparation). 

SOUND  APPARATUS  (in  preparation). 

SIGNALS  (in  preparation). 

Course  VI.  STEAM  ENGINEERING. 

PRACTICAL    STEAM    ENGINEERING.     (A  general  course  on  steam  engi- 
neering.) 

This  is  a  practical  study  of  steam  engineering,  and  begins 
with  the  simplest  type  of  apparatus  to  show  most  directly  the 
fundamental  principles  of  how  steam  is  used  to  do  work.  This 
course  includes  the  following  subjects:  Steam  boilers,  fuels  and 
firing,  properties  of  steam,  boiler  auxiliaries,  care  of  boilers  and 
steam  engines,  principles  of  the  steam  engine,  slide-valve  setting, 
calculation  of  horsepower,  steam-engine  indicator,  compound 
engines,  steam-engine  auxiliaries,  etc. 

BOILERS     OPERATION,  CARE,  AND  REPAIR. 

These  courses  on  boilers  were  constructed  by  the  Bureau  of 
Engineering  to  conform  with  naval  practice  and  are  especially 
designed  for  naval  use.  They  present  to  the  student  the  rare 
privilege  of  having  the  machine  which  he  finds  discussed  in  the 
text  at  his  hand  for  observation  and  study.  He  can  thus  much 
more  readily  grasp  the  principle  of  the  operation  which  is  taking 
place  before  his  eyes.  The  primary  object  of  the  courses  is  to 
give  the  student  approved  naval  methods  of  boiler  operation, 
care,  and  repair. 

These  courses  of  instruction  cover  the  information  required 
for  advancement  in  all  ratings  of  the  engineer  department  on 
board  ship  in  so  far  as  the  operation,  care,  and  repair  of  boilers 
are  concerned.  They  will  also  aid  in  the  preparation  for  the 
examination  for  " license  as  engineer  of  steam  vessels." 


44 

Boiler  operation. — The  subject  of  boiler  operation  is  covered 
by  two  courses :  Boilers,  oil-fired;  and  boilers,  coal-fired.  They 
treat  thoroughly  all  the  steps  in  boiler  operation ;  how  to  light 
off  and  cut  in;  to  cut  out  and  secure,  feeding  boilers,  firing 
boilers,  and  casualties. 

Boiler  care  (in  preparation). 

Boiler  repair  (in  preparation) . 

Steam  1) oilers. — (A  more  advanced  course  on  boiler  operation  and 
equipment.) 

A  course  for  the  use  of  firemen  and  others  in  responsible 
charge  of  boiler  rooms.  It  covers  fully  and  practically  boiler 
operation,  care,  and  equipment,  rather  than  boiler  design.  The 
course  includes  much  descriptive  matter  relating  to  boilers  and 
boiler-room  equipment.  It  has  useful  material  on  efficient  com- 
bustion and  smoke  prevention. 

Topics  treated. — Types  of  boiler  flues  and  fire-tube  boilers; 
water-tube  boilers;  boiler  calculations;  stays  and  staying;  heat 
and  work ;  effects  of  heat ;  properties  of  steam ;  actual  and  equiva- 
lent evaporation;  fuels;  chemistry  of  combustion;  methods  of 
firing;  the  smokeless  combustion  of  coal;  settings;  piping  and 
boiler  fittings;  boiler  accessories,  chimneys,  and  draft;  boiler 
feed  waters;  feed-water  heaters ;  inspection  and  care  of  boilers; 
boiler  testing. 

STEAM  ENGINES. 

This  course  of  study  gives  the  fundamental  principles  under- 
lying the  operation  of  the  steam  engine,  explained  in  a  simple 
nonmathematical  manner.  It  is  a  practical  course  intended 
primarily  for  erecting  and  operating  engineers,  and  to  this  end 
it  deals  with  the  erection  and  operation  of  practically  all 
classes  of  modern  engines.  It  treats  of  both  theory  and 
practice  as  applied  to  steam  engines.  It  is  written  so  that  it 
may  be  studied  by  those  who  have  had  but  little  or  no  experi- 
ence with  steam  engines,  and  at  the  same  time  it  is  advanced 
enough  to  benefit  the  experienced  engineer.  While  the  course 
deals  largely  with  stationary  engines,  it  is  so  arranged  that  both 
locomotive  and  marine  engineers  may  benefit  from  it.  Firemen 
and  engineers  seeking  advancement  will  find  the  course  in  steam 
boilers  and  steam  engines  an  excellent  preparation  for  advance- 
ment in  the  ratings  of  the  engineer  department  on  board  ship. 

Topics  treated. — Principles  of  the  steam  engine;  properties  of 
steam;  action  of  steam  in  the  cylinder;  valve  gears;  governors 
and  link  motions;  steam-engine  economics;  steam-engine 
accessories  and  settings. 


45 

MARINE  STEAM  TURBINES.     (An  elementary  course.) 

This  course  has  been  prepared  with  the  object  of  giving  con- 
densed information  as  to  the  principal  features  of  construction, 
the  method  of  operation,  and  the  proper  care  of  marine  steam 
turbines.  These  pamphlets  have  been  written  for  the  practical 
man  who  is  not  much  concerned  about  " knotty"  theories,  but 
who  is  very  much  interested  in  practical  operating  results. 
Nevertheless,  the  fundamental  principles  are  explained  in  such 
a  way  that  the  study  can  be  pursued  intelligently  and  profita- 
bly. 

This  course  takes  up  the  study  of  turbines  of  the  Curtis, 
Parsons,  Westinghouse,  Sturtevant,  Terry,  and  De  Laval  types. 
The  construction  and  operation  of  steam  turbines  for  marine  serv 
ice,  including  usually  speed-reducing  gears  for  the  propulsion  of 
ships,  are  entirely  different  from  any  of  the  types  of  reciprocat- 
ing steam  engines  which  are  used  for  this  service.  For  a  number 
of  years  the  reciprocating  steam  engine  has  been  the  accepted 
device,  and  has  had  very  little  competition  for  use  in  large  ships; 
but  now  steam  engines  are  being  rapidly  superseded  by  steam 
turbines.  The  practical  marine  engineer  who  has  been  quite 
familiar  with  the  operation  of  steam  engines  of  all  kinds  finds 
the  motive-power  parts,  glands,  bearings,  adjustments,  and 
method  of  lubrication  of  steam  turbines  entirely  different  from 
his  previous  experience.  This  course  will  give  him  the  informa- 
tion and  training  desired. 

STEAM  TURBINES.     (An  advanced  course  on  steam  turbines.) 

This  course  deals  with  the  development,  operation,  and  de- 
sign of  steam  turbines.  Characteristics  of  steam  turbines  are 
compared  with  steam  engines  for  different  services.  Subjects 
treated  include  development  of  steam  turbines;  steam-turbine 
nozzles;  blades  or  buckets  for  steam  turbines;  commercial 
types;  impulse  turbines;  reaction  turbines;  mixed  types  of 
turbines;  testing  steam  turbines;  methods  of  correcting  engine 
and  turbine  tests  to  similar  conditions  for  comparison;  steam- 
turbine  economics. 

Open  to  those  who  have  had  the  course  in  practical  steam 
engineering  and  trigonometry  or  their  equivalent. 

PUMPS. 

This  course  was  constructed  by  the  Bureau  of  Engineering 
and  is  a  complete  but  simple  treatment  of  the  care,  operation, 
and  repair  of  pumps  as  approved  by  the  Navy. 

The  course  covers  reciprocating  pumps;  rotary  pumps 
(including  centrifugal  and  gear  pumps);  injectors  and  ejectors; 


46 

the  operation,  care,  and  repair  of  each,  with  a  closing  chapter 
on  safety  precautions.  It  includes  the  information  required 
for  advancement  for  all  ratings  in  the  engineer  department  on 
board  ship  in  so  far  as  the  care,  operation,  and  repair  of  pumps 
are  concerned. 

HEAT. 

This  course  is  a  foundation  for  advanced  studies,  and  is 
designed  to  supply  the  fundamental  knowledge  necessary  for 
the  successful  study  and  understanding  of  all  heat-using 
machinery.  Part  I  treats  of  the  fundamental  laws  relating  to 
nature,  generation,  transfer,  and  transformation  of  heat,  and 
presents  familiar  examples  of  then*  practical  application  in  all 
cases.  Part  II  discusses  the  principles  of  the  steam  engine,  gas 
engine,  refrigerating  machine,  and  ah"  compressor,  and  shows 
the  relationship  of  heat  to  these  classes  01  machinery.  It  is 
well  adapted  to  the  requirements  of  engineers  and  firemen  who 
have  had  some  experience  with  heat-using  machinery  and 
understand  its  operation,  but  feel  that  they  do  not  know  enough 
of  the  laws  of  heat  to  take  up  advanced  or  special  subjects. 

REFRIGERATION. 

This  offers  a  field  which  is  far  from  being  overcrowded  with 
competent  men;  and  it  still  affords  many  opportunities  for 
original,  progressive  work. 

The  purpose  of  this  course  is  to  teach  the  fundamentals  in 
the  construction  and  operation  of  refrigeration  systems,  the 
applications  of  cold  storage,  and  the  insulation  of  refrigerated 
spaces.  Though  the  object  of  the  course  is  to  be  practical  and 
to  limit  the  discussion  of  theory  as  far  as  possible,  at  the  same 
tune  it  is  thorough  and  begins  with  a  review  of  facts  about  heat, 
temperatures,  and  units  of  measure.  The  other  subjects 
treated  are:  Fusions  of  ice;  evaporation  of  liquids;  proportion 
of  ammonia  and  other  media;  methods  of  refrigeration;  proper- 
ties of  brines;  types  of  compressors;  condenser;  cylinder  cooling; 
wet  and  dry  compression;  cylinder  clearance;  operating  costs; 
absorption  systems;  units  of  refrigeration;  ice  making;  costs 
of  manufacture;  insulation  and  piping;  tests  of  refrigerating 
plants. 


47 

COPPERSMITHING  (in  preparation). 
MOLDING  (in  preparation). 

Course  VII.  ELECTRICAL  ENGINEERING. 

PRACTICAL  ELECTRICITY. 

This  course  is  the  beginning  course  in  electricity.  The 
rudiments  are  so  simply  treated  that  any  man  can  begin  this 
subject  without  previous  study  or  practical  experience  in  elec- 
trical work.  The  subjects  included  are:  Natural  magnets; 
artificial  magnets;  magnetism;  cause  of  flow  of  electric  current; 
ammeters;  measurement  of  voltage;  voltmeters;  Ohm's  law; 
divided  circuits;  electric  resistance;  calculation  of  electric 
power;  principles  of  the  dynamo;  commutators;  electric  motors; 
precautions  in  starting  motors;  power  losses  in  generators  and 
motors;  efficiencies  of  generators  and  motors. 
ELEMENTARY  MAGNETISM  AND  ELECTRICITY. 

This  course  is  designed  to  meet  the  needs  of  students  who 
may  have  had  some  practical  experience  with  electrical  appa- 
ratus or  machinery  but  whose  knowledge  of  the  principles  of  its 
operation  and  of  mathematics  is  limited.  To  make  magnetic 
and  electric  principles  real  to  such  a  student,  the  subject  is 
developed  experimentally.  The  student  is  expected  to  perform 
simple  experiments  and  thus  to  observe  the  actual  phenomena. 
Then  by  questions  and  discussions  he  is  aided  in  the  interpre- 
tation of  his  observations  and  the  formulation  of  his  conclusions 
into  workable  ideas. 

Topics  treated. — Magnetism;  electromagnetism;  some  prac- 
tical applications  of  electromagnets;  electromagnetic  induction; 
current  electricity;  electrolysis;  resistance;  flow  of  current  in  a 
circuit;  electric  generator  and  motor;  work  and  energy. 
THEORY  AND  OPERATION  OF  DIRECT-CURRENT  MACHINERY. 

This  is  an  elementary  course  on  direct-current  machinery. 
Only  the  more  elementary  principles  of  mathematics  are  used. 
The  principles  involved  are  explained  so  fully  that  a  reader 
unable  to  follow  the  mathematical  solution  may  acquire  com- 
plete understanding  of  the  subject. 

Topics  treated.— Fundamental  magnetic  principles,  electro- 
magnetism,  electromagnetic  induction,  units  of  measurement, 
transformation  of  energy,  the  continuous-current  generator  and 
motor,  the  magnetic  circuit  of  the  direct-current  dynamo, 
armatures,  uses  of  electrical  energy,  types  of  dynamos,  com- 
mutation, operating  characteristics  of  generators,  operation 


48 

and  care  of  generators,  operating  characteristics  of  motors, 
operation  of  three-wire  systems,  selection  and  installation  of 
dynamos. 

THEORY  OF  ALTERNATING  CURRENTS.    (An  advanced  course.) 

It  gives  an  analytical  and  graphical  treatment  for  engineers. 
The  subjects  treated  include:  Wave  forms,  power  measure- 
ments, transmission  circuits,  line  inductance,  alternators, 
transformers,  induction  motors,  converters.  Those  taking  up 
this  course  will  find  it  to  their  advantage  to  have  had  work  in 
trigonometry  and  dynamo-electric  machinery. 

Course  VIII.  GAS  ENGINEERING. 

GAS  AND  OIL  ENGINES.     (Courses  I  and  II.) 

This  course  is  divided  into  two  parts  of  10  lessons  each. 

Course  I,  assignments  1  to  10,  takes  up  thoroughly  the 
mechanism  and  operation  of  gas  engines.  Although  this 
course  treats  primarily  of  the  gasoline  engine,  it  includes  also 
the  study  of  gas,  kerosene,  and  heavy-fuel  engines;  four-cycle 
and  two-cycle  types;  mechanism  of  the  engine;  indicator  dia- 
grams; valve  adjustment;  carburetors;  weak  and  strong  mix- 
tures; lubrication;  spark  coils;  self-starters;  engine  fuels,  in- 
cluding gasoline,  kerosene,  alcohol,  crude  oil,  producer  gas, 
"coal"  gas,  water  gas,  etc. 

Course  II,  assignments  11  to  20,  goes  further  into  the  subject 
and  treats  of  gas  producers,  including  gas  manufacture  and 
analysis;  heating  value  of  oil  and  gas  fuels;  relation  of  com- 
pression to  efficiency;  heat  losses;  measurement  of  power;  gas- 
producer  construction  and  operation;  and  engine  testing. 

Course  IX.  YEOMANRY. 

MANUAL  OF  OFFICE  PROCEDURE  (in  preparation). 

The  preparation  of  a  new  Manual  of  Office  Procedure  is 
under  way.  Such  a  manual  was  prepared  by  an  officer  for  the 
Destroyer  Squadrons,  Atlantic  Fleet,  and  is  being  used  in  that 
force  with  success.  Officers  have  been  assigned  by  the  Navy 
Department  to  work  out  a  standard  system  of  office  procedure, 
correspondence,  filing,  etc.,  for  the  purpose  of  unifying  and 
standardizing  office  practice  throughout  the  ships  and  stations 
of  the  Navy.  It  is  anticipated  that  this  information  can  be 
obtained  for  incorporation  in  a  manual  of  lessons  which  will 
serve  as  a  guide  for  men  in  the  special  branch  of  yeomanry. 


49 

TYPEWRITING. 

Typist's  Guide — From  Sight  to  Touch. — Touch  typewriting  is 
here  briefly  set  forth  in  six  short  lessons.  The  design  of  it  is 
to  explain  touch  typewriting  to  beginners  and  to  guide  operators 
who  desire  to  change  from  the  sight  system  to  the  touch  system 
without  wasting  their  time  on  useless  experiments.  The  lessons 
are  so  graded  that  anyone  can  get  the  idea  of  the  touch  system. 
For  a  more  thorough  study,  the  following  rational  typewriting 
course  is  recommended: 

Rational  Typewriting. — This  course  offers  a  more  complete 
and  intensive  study  of  typewriting.  The  method  of  learning 
the  finger-board  technic  advocated  in  this  course  brings  quick 
and  effective  results.  A  mastery  of  the  keyboard  is  developed 
by  beginning  in  the  central  division  of  the  keyboard,  working 
up  efficient  technic  through  intensive  exercises  with  the  index 
fingers  first.  Through  this  the  student  is  enabled  to  acquire 
the  natural  hand  position  and  an  accurate  sense  of  the  guide 
keys  from  the  start.  When  the  proper  time  comes  the  exer- 
cises carry  him  on  to  include  the  use  of  all  the  fingers  one  at  a 
time  until  the  little  fingers  are  trained  to  a  proficiency  equal 
to  that  of  the  index  fingers. 

This  course  in  Typewriting  has  been  very  widely  used 
and  was  awarded  the  medal  of  honor  at  the  Panama  Pacific 
International  Exposition.  The  whole  idea  of  the  course  is  to 
lead  the  student  from  the  simple  exercise  within  the  range  of 
his  practical  ability  to  the  more  complex  but  simple  graduated 
steps.  For  a  complete  mastery  of  the  typewriting  machine 
this  course  is  recommended. 

SHORTHAND. 

The  ability  to  write  shorthand  is  a  stepping-stone  in  the 
yeoman  branch.  According  to  a  recent  ruling,  a  yeoman  to 
be  rated  as  first  class  must  be  able  to  take  dictation  at  a  speed 
of  60  words  per  minute,  and  as  chief  at  a  speed  of  80  words  per 
minute.  This  course  uses  the  Gregg  system  and  is  offered 
with  a  view  to  the  needs  of  yeoman  for  the  work  of  the  ship's 
office  and  for  advancement  in  rating. 

ELEMENTARY  BOOKKEEPING. 

Every  undertaking  should  be  checked  by  a  good  system  of 
bookkeeping.  Skilled  workmen  may  be  employed,  good  mate- 
rials may  be  used,  but  if  poor  management  takes  the  form  of 
undetected  waste,  careless  or  misleading  financial  statements, 
the  work  will  sooner  or  later  go  bad.  if  books  are  accurately 


50 

kept,  the  persons  responsible  have  an  accurate  gauge  to  the 
financial  success  of  their  undertakings  and  methods.  It  is  the 
record  which  shows  more  accurately  than  any  other  whether  or 
not  a  piece  of  work  is  successful  and  is  being  managed  on  right 
lines. 

The  object  of  this  course  is  to  present  in  a  simple  understand- 
able form  the  fundamental  principles  used  in  keeping  accurate 
accounts  and  to  afford  practice  in  applying  these  principles. 

ELEMENTARY  ACCOUNTING. 

This  course  is  designed  to  give  instruction  in  the  important 
features  of  accounting.  It  may  be  taken  by  those  who  desire 
a  review  knowledge  of  the  principles  of  bookkeeping.  How- 
ever, no  previous  knowledge  of  the  subject  is  required  as  the 
course  begins  with  the  first  principles  of  bookkeeping  and 
accounting.  The  first  assignments  present  the  fundamental 
principles  of  double  entry  in  a  thorough  manner  and  provide 
at  the  same  time  sufficient  drill  in  the  application  of  these 
principles  to  enable  one  to  perform  the  practical  work  in  book- 
keeping and  accounting  which  follows.  The  course  proceeds  by 
easy  stages  and  in  a  logical  manner,  and  its  satisfactory  com- 
pletion should  give  one  a  practical  knowledge  of  bookkeeping 
processes  and  qualify  him  to  assume  the  responsibility  of  book- 
keeping. 

FIRST  LESSONS  IN  BUSINESS. 

It  is  necessary  to  understand  common  business  practices  and 
qualifications;  business  courtesies,  promptness,  industry,  loy- 
alty, budgets,  cost  accounts  and  business  forms,  and  invest- 
ments. These  are  clearly  set  forth  in  these  "  First  Lessons  in 
Business"  and  are  so  presented  as  to  be  very  readable  and 
highly  valuable  and  instructive. 

BUSINESS  LAW. 

This  course  includes  a  discussion  and  study  of  the  business 
laws  with  which  everyone  should  be  familiar :  Contracts ;  agency; 
personal  property;  chattel  mortgages;  title  to  real  estate;  real 
estate  mortgages;  landlord  and  tenant;  trusts  and  trustees; 
negotiable  instruments;  partnership;  corporations;  insurance; 
bankruptcy. 


51 

Course  X.  COMMISSARY  (in  preparation). 
COOKS  AND  BAKERS  (in  preparation). 
STEWARDS  (in  preparation). 

Course  XL  PHARMACY. 

ANATOMY,  PHYSIOLOGY,  AND  FIRST  AID. 

The  Bureau  of  Navigation  offers  to  the  enlisted  personnel  of 
the  Navy  a  correspondence  course  in  anatomy,  physiology,  and 
first  aid,  which  has  been  prepared  by  one  of  the  Hospital  Corps 
training  schools  of  the  Navy. 

This  course  embraces  elementary  instruction  in  anatomy, 
which  deals  with  the  structure  of  the  human  body;  physiology, 
which  treats  of  the  function  of  the  various  organs  of  the  body; 
and  first  aid,  which  furnishes  information  regarding  emergency 
treatments  for  the  more  common  accidents  and  conditions 
requiring  the  administration  of  first  aid. 

CHEMISTRY,  ORGANIC  AND  INORGANIC   (for  pharmacy  students). 

The  Bureau  of  Navigation  offers  to  the  enlisted  personnel  of 
the  Navy  a  correspondence  course  in  chemistry,  organic  and 
inorganic,  which  has  been  prepared  by  one  of  the  Hospital 
Corps  training  schools  of  the  Navy. 

This  course  presents  the  elementary  instruction  necessary  for 
preliminary  work  in  chemistry  and  will  serve  as  a  foundation 
for  more  advanced  work  along  chemical  lines. 

It  is  essential  that  the  prospective  student  thoroughly  famil- 
iarize himself  with  inorganic  chemistry  before  the  more 
advanced  work  of  organic  chemistry  is  undertaken.  -Candi- 
dates for  this  course  are  urged  to  take  every  advantage  of  such 
practical  work  in  chemistry  that  may  be  offered  them.  By 
combining  this  practical  with  the  theoretical  instruction  con- 
tained in  this  course,  it  is  believed  that  a  fairly  good  knowledge 
of  chemistry  may  be  obtained. 

PHARMACY. 

The  correspondence  course  of  pharmacy  which  is  submitted 
by  the  Bureau  of  Navigation  has  been  prepared  by  one  of  the 
Hospital  Corps  training  schools  of  the  Navy,  and,  although 
not  embracing  the  pharmacy  required  for  members  of  the 
Hospital  Corps,  covers  the  subject  of  pharmacy  in  such  a 
manner  that  a  good  preliminary  knowledge  may  be  obtained 
from  it.  Prospective  candidates  for  this  course  of  instruction 
are  urged  to  familiarize  themselves  with  the  course  offered  in 


52 

• 

organic  and  inorganic  chemistry  prior  to  taking  this  course  in 
pharmacy.  Theoretical  pharmacy  is  a  somewhat  difficult 
subject  to  study,  but  by  combining  the  theory  of  pharmacy 
with  such  practical  work  as  the  candidates  may  have  access  to, 
it  is  believed  that  a  fairly  good  knowledge  of  pharmacy  may  be 
obtained  from  this  course. 

GENERAL  SUBJECTS. 

SPELLING. 

The  Navy  Speller  was  compiled  by  the  Bureau  of  Naviga- 
tion especially  for  men  in  the  Navy  and  has  been  recently 
revised  to  contain  latest  approved  terms  in  various  naval 
subjects  and  a  revised  list  of  naval  ratings.  Three  thousand 
words  which  every  sailor  should  know  how  to  spell  are  pre- 
sented in  small  lesson-sized  groups. 

Lessons  1-50  contain  the  Ayres  lists  of  1,000  most  used 
words  in  the  business  world;  lessons  51-83  introduce  such  words 
in  the  "Army  List  of  Minimum  Essentials  in  Spelling"  as  are 
not  included  in  the  Ayres  list;  lessons  84-107  are  a  compilation 
of  selected  difficult  words  often  misspelled;  under  lessons  108 
to  155  is  to  be  found  the  special  feature  of  the  speller,  "The 
Navy  Supplement,"  where  words  especially  applicable  to  life 
aboard  ship  are  classified  according  to  subject. 
PENMANSHIP, 

The  Palmer  Method  of  Business  Writing  is  the  course  used 
in  this  subject.  Through  a  series  of  self-teaching  lessons, 
rapid,  plain,  unshaded,  muscular  movement  writing  is  taught. 
An  easy  and  legible  handwriting  is  the  object  sought. 

ARITHMETIC. 

This  course  is  a  comprehensive  review,  beginning  with  the 
most  simple  arithmetical  processes,  and  is  designed  for  the  stu- 
dent who  has  had  no  work  in  arithmetic  or  who  wishes  to  re- 
view it  quickly^  It  takes  him  by  easy  steps  through  every 
process  ordinarily  given  in  the  elementary  schools  in  addition 
to  short  cuts  adapted  from  business. 

ELEMENTARY  ALGEBRA. 

The  instruction  in  algebra  is  divided  into  three  courses — 
A-l,  A-2,  and  A-3. 

Courses  A-2  and  A-3  supplement  A-l  and  carry  the  subject 
by  gradual  steps  into  more  advanced  algebra,  giving  a  thorough 
review  of  all  algebraic  principles.  The  data  for  the  problems 
introduced  are,  in  the  main,  of  permanent  and  general  interest,  j 


53 

Efficiency  in  arithmetic  is  maintained  and  increased.  In  sub- 
ject matter  algebra  corresponds  fairly  closely  to  arithmetic, 
but  for  the  solution  of  many  types  of  problems  it  possesses 
advantages  unknown  to  the  latter.  If  the  student  contem- 
plates engaging  in  any  branch  of  the  naval  service  in  which 
higher  mathematics  is  used,  he  will  find  that  a  clear  under- 
standing of  algebra  is  indispensable  to  progress. 

PLANE  GEOMETRY;  SOLID  GEOMETRY. 

Both  plane  geometry  and  solid  geometry  are  important  sub- 
jects, and  should  be  taken  by  those  who  expect  that  their  du- 
ties will  demand  mechanical  skill  or  highly  technical  knowl- 
edge. These  courses  in  plane  and  solid  geometry  are  based  on 
textbooks  that  have  been  shortened  as  much  as  possible  to 
leave  sane  and  safe  minimum  courses.  The  logical  order  of 
presenting  the  geometrical  theorems  has  been  preserved,  but 
simple  applied  problems  are  brought  in  to  exhibit  the  practical 
uses  of  geometry. 

PLANE  TRIGONOMETRY. 

This  is  a  practical  course  in  trigonometry.  All  that  is  not 
necessary  to  a  clear  understanding  of  the  subject  has  been 
eliminated  and  the  practical  has  been  put  before  the  theoretical 
in  every  new  feature  set  forth.  The  practical  uses  of  the  subject 
are  shown  by  the  many  nontechnical  applications.  A  knowl- 
edge of  this  subject  is  useful  to  the  more  advanced  work  in 
steam  engineering,  electrical  engineering,  surveying,  and  navi- 
gation. 

NAVY  PRIMER. 

This  is  a  primer  designed  for  men  who  have  had  little  or  no 
school  education.    It  introduces  Navy  terms,  with  exercises  in 
spelling,  reading,  and  sentence  building  showing  the  correct  use 
of  Navy  terms. 
PLAIN  ENGLISH. 

This  is  a  thoroughly  practical  course  in  elementary  English 
that  gives  instruction  in  the  rudiments  of  English  speech.  A 
study  of  grammar  is  necessary  if  one  is  ambitious  to  express 
himself  intelligently  and  with  precision.  A  correct  use  of  our 
mother  tongue  is  important  if  we  would  pass  on  our  thoughts 
and  ideas  to  others.  Only  the  elements  of  English  grammar 
are  here  presented,  but  if  these  are  grasped,  it  is  an  easy  step 
to  the  mastery  of  a  fluent  and  concise  style. 

The  textbook,  dedicated  to  those  who  "  don't  like  grammer," 
is  divided  into  two  parts.  Part  I  covers  the  essential  points  in 


54 

English  syntax,  including  all  that  pertains  to  the  seven  parts 
of  speech  and  the  analysis  of  sentences.  Set  rules  are  omitted. 
Definitions  have  been  admitted,  but  sparingly.  The  sentences 
for  practice  in  analysis  have  been  carefully  chosen.  Part  II  is 
more  general  in  character,  covering  a  variety  of  subjects  and  a 
large  amount  of  material  for  practice.  The  chapters  on  clear- 
ness, force,  punctuation,  and  the  list  of  appropriate  prepo- 
sitions will  be  found  especially  valuable.  Considerable  space 
has  been  given  to  the  study  of  misused  words.  The  general 
plan  of  the  work  is  such  as  to  enable  a  student  to  get  a  maxi- 
mum of  benefit  with  a  minimum  of  labor  and  time. 

ENGLISH  FOR  ENLISTED  MEN. 

Prepared  by  William  Oliver  Stevens,  professor  of  English, 
United  States  Naval  Academy.  It  is  especially  adapted  to  the 
needs  of  the  Navy.  The  principles  of  English  are  illustrated 
by  examples  taken  from  naval  history  and  the  required  exer- 
cises are  about  things  familiar  to  the  average  seaman. 

Getting  ahead  in  the  Navy  or  in  civil  life  depends  on  a  man's 
ability  to  make  good.  For  the  most  part  this  means  knowing 
your  job  and  knowing  it  well  enough  to  win  a  better  one.  But 
to  get  beyond  a  certain  point  a  man  needs  to  know  things 
outside  of  his  job — what  we  call  " education."  The  most  im- 
portant of  these  things  is  the  ability  to  speak  and  write  good 
English.  A  man  may  not  know  plane  geometry  and  get  along 
swimmingly  in  a  thousand  occupations,  but  one  who  does  not 
know  plain  English  is  giving  himself  away  every  time  he  opens 
his  mouth  or  writes  a  letter.  He  is  silently  put  down  by  other 
people  as  uneducated  or  "illiterate,"  and  therefore  unfit  for  a 
position  that  he  might  otherwise  fill.  If  a  man  has  not  had 
home  and  school  advantages  in  learning  to  use  his  mother 
tongue  properly,  he  must  buckle  down  to  the  hard  task  of 
trying  to  make  up  the  deficiency.  Otherwise  his  ambition  to 

fet  ahead  is  going  to  be  hobbled  from  the  beginning.     It  will 
e  like  running  a  race  with  an  iron  ball  chained  to  the  ankle. 
The  object  of  this  course  in  English  for  enlisted  men  is  to 
give  just  such  help  as  is  most  practical,  to  break  incorrect  habits 
of  speech  and  writing,  and  to  set  up  correct  ones;  in  short,  to 
remove  the  handicap  that  many  a  man  has  through  no  fault 
of  his  own.     This  study  of  correct  English  begins  with  the 
simplest  unit,   the  word,   and  by  easy  steps  works  its  way 
through  to  composition  and  the  writing  of  original  articles. 


55 

EFFECTIVE  ENGLISH  AND  LETTER  WRITING,  DRILLS  IN. 

This  course  has  been  developed  by  the  elimination  of  the 
nonessential,  by  the  omission  of  much  that  is  technical,  and  by 
emphasizing  those  things  that  have  a  direct  bearing  on  the 
work  of  a  stenographer,  bookkeeper,  or  office  worker.  The 
purpose  of  this  course  is  to  give  a  thoroughly  practical  drill  in 
English  and  to  acquaint  the  student  with  its  application  to 
business  forms,  customs,  and  usages. 

ELEMENTARY  CHEMISTRY.     (A  general  course  on  the  elements  of  chem- 
istry.) 

This  course  is  suited  to  the  needs  of  those  who  have  not  had 
any  previous  training  in  the  subject  and  is  designed  as  a 
foundation  for  future  work  and  study.  It  takes  up  chemical 
elements,  principles,  and  laws;  characteristic  chemical  changes; 
chemical  compounds  and  mixtures;  acids,  bases,  and  gases  and 
methods  of  recording  scientific  observations,  with  some  of  the 
basic  chemical  experiments  for  laboratory  study.  (See  also  the 
special  chemistry  course  prepared  for  pharmacist's  students.) 

ELEMENTARY  PHYSICS. 

Elementary  physics  is  presented  in  such  a  way  as  to  stimulate 
the  student  to  do  some  thinking  on  his  own  account  about  the 
hows  and  the  whys  of  the  physical  world  in  which  he  lives. 
The  consideration  of  how  a  thing  happens  is  followed  by  a 
discussion  of  why  it  happens. 

Only  such  subjects  have  been  included  as  touch  most  closely 
the  everyday  Me  of  the  average  person  and  which  will  help 
him  to  adjust  himself  to  his  surroundings  and  interpret  his 
own  experiences  correctly.  This  course  keeps  pace  with  our 
fast-changing  modern  life  and  has  been  recently  revised  to 
introduce  the  many  new  ideas  in  the  physical  world  developed 
by  the  World  War.  It  will  on  this  account  be  found  especially 
appropriate  and  helpful  for  naval  study.  Some  of  the  new 
subjects  included  are  the  internal-combustion  engine,  principles 
of  the  airplane,  the  tank,  liberty  motor,  sound  ranging  record 
of  the  end  of  war,  the  details  of  the  submarine,  etc. 

MECHANICAL  DRAWING. 

The  course  in  mechanical  drawing  is  designed  to  give  those 
taking  up  any  kind  of  engineering  training  a  thorough  prepa- 
ration for  their  further  work.  The  art  of  drawing  is  the  lan- 
guage in  which  mechanical  facts  are  expressed,  and  is  therefore 
§a  necessity  to  engineers. 
The  first  division  of  the  subject  treats  of  the  use  and  care 
of  instruments  and  has  chapters  on  free-hand  lettering,  straight- 


56 

line  work,  use  of  the  compass,  inking  with  the  ruling  pen,  and 
geometrical  drawing.  The  time  spent  on  this  branch  saves 
time  later  in  executing  work.  The  student  is  now  able  to  take 
a  position  as  draftsman  on  tracing  work. 

The  second  division  treats  of  the  science  of  orthographic 
projection.  This  is  the  geometrical  basis  of  all  kinds  of  indus- 
trial drawing.  It  is  treated  in  a  way  which  shows  at  each  step 
the  practical  value  of  the  science,  while  keeping  the  attention 
on  the  principles.  It  has  chapters  on  lines  and  planes,  cylinders 
and  cones,  intersections,  developments  and  sheet-metal  work, 
screw  surface  and  isometric  drawing. 

The  third  division  treats  of  machine  drawing.  The  chapters 
show  how  to  sketch  small  machine  parts,  how  to  select  views 
and  sections,  what  dimensions  to  record,  how  to  draw  standard 
bolts,  nuts,  pipe  fittings,  valves,  and,  finally,  how  to  combine 
parts  in  making  assembled  drawings. 

The  fourth  division  treats  of  the  elements  of  detail  designing. 
It  covers  the  making  of  drawings  of  the  parts  from  assembled 
mechanisms,  supplying  the  details  there  omitted,  using  as  far 
as  possible  tables  of  standards,  showing  " finish"  and  making 
"  tolerances "  for  permitting  motion.  It  teaches  also  the 
detailing  of  plate-metal  work  and  riveted  structures.  The 
student  who  has  completely  covered  this  final  section  is  in 
position  to  be  trusted  with  real  drafting,  not  merely  tracing. 
AMERICAN  HISTORY  (a  brief  survey). 

This  course  is  offered  in  the  form  of  a  small  pamphlet, 
entitled  "The  Little  Book  of  Our  Country."  It  gives  a  short, 
simple,  rapid,  and  connected  account  of  our  country's  story 
from  its  discovery  to  the  present  day.  As  far  as  the  limits  of 
the  pamphlet  will  permit,  "the  whys"  of  our  history  are  gone 
into,  and  it  is  believed  that  there  can  be  gained  from  this 
booklet  a  definite  knowledge  of  the  large  events  in  the  history 
of  our  land,  some  idea  of  the  causes  of  those  events,  and  a 
sympathetic  insight  into  the  growth  and  development  of  our 
Nation  and  of  the  people  who  stood  behind  it. 
ELEMENTARY  UNITED  STATES  HISTORY  AND  GOVERNMENT. 

History  helps  the  student  to  understand  the  struggles  of 
nations,  the  feelings  and  desires  that  prompted  men  to  action, 
and  the  difficulties  that  had  to  be  overcome  in  order  to  attain 
our  present  civilization;  but  most  of  all  it  helps  him  to  find 
methods  for  the  solution  of  present-day  problems.  The  study 
of  history  is  helpful  training  for  administrative  duties,  for 
citizenship,  for  public  life,  and  especially  for  the  decision  of  any 
question  which  needs  a  knowledge  of  the  past  for  its  settlement. 


57 

This  course  includes  the  "Leading  Facts"  in  the  history  of 
our  country,  and  groups  the  discussion  around  such  important 
single  movements  as  territorial  expansion,  foreign  relations, 
origin  and  growth  of  political  parties,  our  industrial  progress, 
etc.  The  purpose  of  this  course  is:  First,  to  offer  a  history 
course  to  those  who  wish  to  refresh  their  knowledge  of  United 
States  history;  second,  to  offer  supplementary  material  to 
those  who  wish  to  add  to  their  grasp  of  American  history;,  third, 
to  present  a  larger  view  of  American  life,  past  and  present,  which 
will  stimulate  greater  interest  in  modern  social  and  political 
conditions  because  of  the  better  understanding  of  their  causes. 

CIVICS. 

The  one  study  that  should  be  pursued  more  than  any  other 
in  America  is  the  study  of  how  we  can  best  cooperate  to  make 
democracy  as  effective  as  possible.  As  has  been  said,  the  ills 
that  confront  a  democracy  have  their  solution  all  to  be  found 
in  the  democracy  itself.  The  study  of  civics  should  give  the 
student  an  intelligent  understanding  of  the  machinery  of 
government  and  should  encourage  him  to  assume  his  responsi- 
bility in  whatever  work  he  is  engaged  and  to  confront  his 
problems  with  justice  and  wisdom.  This  course  presents  in  an 
elementary  way  the  actual  workings  of  government  by  beginning 
with  the  immediate  life  of  the  ship  community  and  shows  that 
when  men  have  common  purposes  and  are  dependent  upon  one 
another  in  accomplishing  them  there  must  be  cooperation, 
which  is  another  name  for  "team  work."  The  principle  of 
"pulling  together,"  "team  work,"  or  "cooperation"  is  of  the 
greatest  importance  in  everyday  life  or  national  life,  and  is 
stressed  throughout  the  course.  This  course  aims  to  teach 
men  their  civic  responsibilities,  as  well  as  their  civic  oppor- 
tunities, because  men  so  trained  will  learn  to  respect  first  the 
rights  of  their  neighbors,  and  will  then  be  as  fair  in  their  deal- 
ings with  their  Government  as  with  their  fellow  men.  Civics  is 
very  closely  connected  with  the  study  of  history,  and  should 
.be  studied  in  connection  with  history. 

SPANISH. 

The  study  of  Spanish  is  not  only  interesting  but  eminently 
practical,  in  view  of  the  recent  commercial  development  in 
the  Spanish-speaking  countries  of  the  Americas.  The  first 
course  in  Spanish  aims  to  give  constant  drill  in  grammatical 
rules  and  principles  and  to  serve  as  a  foundation  for  the  next 
course — advanced  and  commercial  Spanish — in  which  the 
special  feature  is  the  writing  of  business  letters  in  that  language. 

o 


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